Fidel Castro - Authoritarian States

Who controlled Cuba from 1492-1898? What was the economy based on?

spain, sugar

Why does the US support José Marti and the Cuban quest for independence from Spain?

economic and imperialist reasons

US had right to intervene militarily in Cuba

Platt Amendment 1901

Cuban president from 1940-1944, lives in US, returns to Cuba in ____ and stages coup,remains dictator until ___ with US support

Batista 1952 1959

Son of Spanish immigrant, exposed to poor families on his father’s plantation

Fidel Castro

What occurred July 26, 1953

Moncada Barracks

What was the goal of the moncada barracks attack

take the barracks and inspire the people of the oriente province ro rise up against batista

Impact of Moncada barracks?

Castro’s famous “history will absolve me” speech

What were the 5 revolutionary laws of the Moncada Programme

1. Return power to Cuban People
   2. Land rights
   3. Profit sharing for industrial workers
   4. Profit sharing for sugar workers
   5. End corruption

What do Castro and Raul do after being freed in 1955?

Fled to mexico, met Ernesto “che” Guevara and began to plan 26 July Movement

Castro set sail back to Cuba, hoped to liberate cuba before 1957

Granma expedition

Broadcast of propaganda in Sierra Maestra

Radio Rebelde

eHow did Castro project himself as a freedom fighter for the poor and oppressed Cuban people?

exaggerated victories, interviewed with sympathetic US reporters

How did Castro achieve success with the Sierra Maestra campaign?

gained support of peasants

What occurred from 1957-1959?

Civil war, Batista (with US support) vs Guerilla campaign

Batista’s last ditch attempt to counter progress of fidelistas

operation verano

When did Batsita flee cuba (for the last time)

January 1959

Castro moved quickly to consolidate position after 1959 victory

charm offensive

Why does Castro move slowly on goals of the Moncada programmed and declare he wasn’t a communist?

Fear of US

By the end of 1960, what did Castro begin nationalizing?

large land holding and US cooperation

US response to Cuba nationalizing US corporations

trade embargo from 1959-1960

Effect of US trade embargo?

USSR offers economic and diplomatic assistance to Cuba

How did Castro move toward Communism? 3 reasons

1. Gave members of Popular Socialist Party positions of power in government
2. Influence of Raul Castro and Che Guevara
3. Commercial agreement between USSR and Cuba

What was in charge of agrarian land reform and answered to Castro (example of Castro consolidating power)

Institute of Agrarian Reform

Castro’s final step towards dictatorship

didn’t hold fair and free election in Cuba

Tense 13 day standoff in october 1962 between US and USSR after nuclear missiles were placed in cuba

cuban missile crisis

Leader of the soviet union 1953-1964

nikita Khrushchev

President of the US during the Cuban missile crisis

John F. Kennedy

Crisis management team brought together by kennedy to give him advice on how to deal with missiles in cuba

Executive Committee/Excomm

Cia program that trained cuban exiles in preparation for an attack on Castro’s cuba

bay of pigs

Goal of bay of pigs?

inspire a popular uprising among Cuban people to overthrow Castro’s regime

Impact of bay of pigs

failure is major embarrassment for Kennedy, Castro announced Cuba is fully communist

Impact Of Bay of Pigs on the COld war

USSR ships more soviet weapons to cuba, kennedy looked weak

Why did Khruschev argue placing missiles in Cuba was justified?

US had missiles in Turkey

Cuban Missile crisis: october 16, 1962

kennedy presented photos that showed Soviet had missiles in Cuba

Cuban Missile crisis: Kennedy’s options on oct 16

airstrike, naval blockade, UN, missile removal deal with USSR, nuclear warfare

Cuban Missile crisis: Oct 16, what did Kennedy decide to do?

establish a quarantine

Cuban Missile crisis: Oct 22

kennedy informs US public of the missiles

Cuban Missile crisis: Oct 24

Soviet ships carrying missiles turn around when facing the quarantine

Cuban Missile crisis: oct 25

UN meeting, US ambassador confronts soviet ambassador

Cuban Missile crisis: oct 26

Khrushchev proposes that soviets would remove missiles in return for US pledge not to invade cuba

Cuban Missile crisis: Oct 27

Khrushcvvhec’s second message (and remove turkey missiles)

Kennedy’s decision on oct 27

ignore second message, accept first

Secret agreement of oct 27

US will secretly remove Turkey missiles

Cuban Missile crisis: oct 28

Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles

Impact of Cuban missile crisis (US/USSR)

realization of Mutually Assured Destruction, leading to detente

Impact of CUban Missile Crisis (USSR/Cuba)

strained, castro believed he was a bargaining chip in cold war

Result of Cuban Missile Crisis, forbids nuclear tests in the atmosphere, space, or underwater

nuclear test ban treaty of 1964

Result of Cuban missile crisis, prevented nuclear powers from transferring weapons and knowledge on how to make them to non-nuclear powers

nuclear non-proliferation treaty of 1968

Where were improvements most seen in life in Cuba under castro?

economic and social conditions

Most important improvements in cuba

free and universal health care, free education up to highest level for everyone

More improvements in cuba

living conditions, literacy rate, unemployment to zero, racial discrimination outlawed, women given equal rights

Political restrictions of Cuban people under castro

arrested without evidence, imprisoned without trial, political opposition silenced, freedom of expression restricted

Black Cubans and castro

goal to extend equality, but some Black Cubans had a mixed experience (contributions of black cubans downplayed, anti-black prejudice continued)

Treatment of social minorities: Castro’s regime

Gay people and Jehovah witnesses labelled as social deviants and sent to reeducation camps

How was political opposition silenced?

courts declared that person charged with crimes against the state had to prove innocence

Social organizations that promoted the communal activities of the Cuban people and gave people a sense of identity with the regime

committee for the defence of the revolution

Example of what the Committees for the defence of the revolution did

exemplary parenthood program

Castro’s impact on women

contributors, joined workforce, assisted in literacy drive, trained women and girls in domestic skills, encouraged raising health standards

Castro’s aim for foreign policy

tear down the colonial and imperialist system

How was Castro's goal to tear down the colonial and imperialist system accomplished?

supported African and Latim American independence movements, supported exploited people across the world

Who was the primary influence over Castro’s foreign policy aims until the 1970s?

The USSR

Before promoting libertarian movements in LA and Africa, Cuba had to develop a degree of

economic self-sufficiency

What happened w cuba in 1975

Castro sent military advisors and cuban troops to assist marxist forces in angola (proxy war between Cuba and apartheid south africa

What happened with Cuba and nicaragua?

castro provided support to nicaraguan sandinistas to oust dictatorial government

Organization of countries that pursued neutrality in Cold war conflict of US and USSR

Non-aligned movement (NAM)

Castor’s role in NAM

president in 1979, influenced other countries

How did the USSR’s economy impact Cuba in the 1980s and 1990s?

USSR couldn’t give substantial economic assistance, Collapses in 1991 and Cuba is alone

Effect of USSR’s collapse on Cuba?

castro decided to modernize cuba