APSC 3064 Exam 1

Lagomorph

rabbits, hares, pikas

two pairs of incisors (peg teeth)

single unpigmented layer of enamel

maxillary fenestrations

strictly herbivorous

short tail

no penis bone

Rodents

mice, rats, gp

single pair of incisors

double layered, pigmented enamel

no maxillary fenestrations

not strictly herbivorous

long tails

penis bone (baculum)

Dog/cat domestication

Dogs: canis lupis familiaris; domesticated twine in Asia and Europe

Cat: felis silvestrus lybica; common ancestor of house cats felis catus; domesticated in Africa and Middle East; in china the leopard cat prionailurus bengalensis; leopard cat and domestic cat (s. silvestris) => bengal breed

ID physiological ages among dog, cats, and humans

D1 C1 H15

D2 C2 H24

D3 C3 H28

D4 C4 H32

D5 C5 H36

D+1 C+1 H+4 or 5

Study anatomy of dog and cat

Functional anatomy

study of anatomy in its relation to function; refers to the concurrent presentation of anatomy with physiology

Comparative anatomy

study of body structures of different species of animals to understand the adaptive changes they have undergone during evolution from common ancestors

comparative physiology

science concerned with the differences in the vital processes in different species of organism; structure is always related to function, if structure changes, function changes

Pupillary light reflex

1. the amount of incident light stimulating the retina and influencing the oculomotor neurons to constrict the pupil (miosis; parasymp CN III)

2. emotional status of the patient which influences the sympathetic system and causes pupillary dilation (mydriasis)

directional terms

provide a common language for accurately and clearly describing body structures, regardless of the animal's body position

Cranial

toward the head

caudal

toward the tail end of the body

Rostral

toward the forehead or nose

Median Plane (midsagittal plane)

divides body into two equal parts (right and left)

sagittal plane

a plane that runs the length of the body and divides it into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal halves

horizontal plane (dorsal)

a plane at the right angle to the sagittal and transverse planes; it divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts that are not necessarily equal

Dorsal

toward the back

ventral

Toward the belly

medial

Toward the midline of the body

lateral

Away from the midline of the body

superficial

near the surface

deep

away from the surface

proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

distal

away from the point of attachment

palmar

"Back" of forelimb distal to carpus

plantar

"Back" of hindlimb distal to tarsus

prone

lying face down

supine

lying face up (on the back)

ascites

accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity that exceeds 25mL

Exudate

accumulation of fluid due to increased vascular permeability; high protein content, numerous cells; damage vessels, or alter vascular permeability; orange in color

transudate

accumulation of fluid due to hydrostatic imbalance btwn intravascular and extravascular compartments despite normal vascular permeability; little protein or blood cells; clear/cloudy; endothelium is not damaged

what are the functions of the integumentary system

storage, pigmentation, immunoserveillance, production of vitamin D, sensory perception, excretory excretions

skin

grows and regenerates; protects from enviro, barrier against water loss, flexibility, temperature regulation

why do we need vitamin D

dogs and cats can't synthesize vitamin D efficiently, and must receive it in their diet; helps absorb calcium

epidermis

upper layer of skin; shed and replaced (22 days in dogs); hairs, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

Dermis

lower layer

hypodermis/ subcutis/ subcutaneous tissue

below dermis; specialized muscles for piloerection

dog skin

epidermis 3-5 cells thick; hairs grow in bundles; dog hair grows in cycles (shedding); apocrine glans hope seal the outer layer of the epidermis, pheromone secretion; merocrine (eccrine) glad in the paws: watery secretion similar to sweat

cat skin

aids in temp reg; protection during a fight; all cats shed but is dependent of photoperiod

exocrine

gland that secretes its products through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel

cat bones

245

dog bones

319 (generally have more bones than cats)

function of the skeleton

protect internal organs, support the body, provide attachment sites for muscles

why is front/rear angulation important?

with correct angulation, the animal will need less steps and energy to go the same distance as an animal w improper angulation;

angulation

the angles created by the bones meeting at various joints

conformation

General structure, form, or outline.

study the angles

45 90 20

30 110

what are the types of gaits

walk, amble, pace, trot, canter, gallop/run

what is the "flying trot"

in GS all four feet are off the ground for a brief period of time; faster than trot but not as fast as the gallop

what is gait analysis

kinematic: quantifies the positions, velocities, acceleration/deceleration, and angles of various anatomical structures in space

Kinetic: measured the ground reaction forces that are the result of an individual's step

what are some differences btwn cat and dog spines

cats have extra lumbar and thoracic vertebrae so they have higher spinal mobility and flexibility and they have elastic discs btwn their vertebrae

what is VSC

vertebral subluxation complex; the cervical vertebrae that are flexible

what is IVDD?

intervertebral disc disease; a degenerative disease of the spinal column; compression of the spinal cord and spinal nerves

type 1: outer layer of the discs harden and damage the disc, allowing it to break easily

type 2: discs slowly harden over time and eventually start to break down and bulge, putting pressure on the spinal cord

Cervical vertebral malformation misarticulation

a compression of the cervical spinal cord segments

disc-associated wobbler syndrome

middle aged (7yo), large-breed dogs; protrusion of ones or more caudal cervical discs; wobbly gait

bony-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy

young; giant breed dogs; spinal cord compression due to bony proliferation of the articular processes and pedicles

specialty bones in cats

joints btwn spinal vertebrae flexible; arched spine allows spring; tail used as a rudder for balance;

vestigial clavicle: enhances mobility of front legs needed for hunting

rotating carpals: allow more varied use of front paws than dogs have

vestigial structure

a biological structure that has lost a major ancestral function and is usually drastically reduced in size; clavicle in cats and dogs; no collar bone is dogs

appendicular skeleton

legs and feet

axial skeleton

main axis of support, the head, neck, spine, ribs, and breastbone (sternum)

visceral bones

small bony parts (inner ear)

explain function of growth plates

aka epiphyseal plates

produce cartilage, which is converted to bone as a dog grows; close at late puberty; neutering early can harm the closing

pasterns

phalanges; should not be used in reference to dogs or cats; use metacarpus (front) and metatarsus (back)

digitigrades

animals that walk on their toes

plantigrade

Walking on the soles of the feet, like a human or a bear

carpal hyperextension

normally an acute phenomenon caused by a traumatic event that ruptures the palmar ligaments

paws and claws in dogs and cats

dog: 4 and one dewclaw

cat: 5 front toes and 4 back toes

P3 important for digging and traction

dewclaw

prey capture; double dewclaws having immunity to snake bites/venom

polydactyly

having more than the normal number of fingers or toes

kangaroo cat

short forelegs; genetic mutation; radial hypoplasia, foreleg micromelia, radial aplasia, radial agenesis

dog skull

greatest variety in dog skulls; biggest dif is the bones of the skull

brachycephalic

Having a short, wide muzzle

mesaticephalic

medium skull and muzzle

dolichocephalic

Long narrow muzzle

cephalic index

the measure of the width vs the length of the cranium; used in classification of breeds

craniofacial ratio

compares the size of the cranium to the length of the muzzle; gives more info about possible health issues an animal might have

baby schema

an innate caretaking and nurturing mechanism triggered by the features of a baby's face

hypertelorism

eyes spaced widely apart; underlying disease is reason for this

fibrous joint

immoveable and held together by ligaments only

ex. teeth in socket

cartilaginous joints

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage

synovial joints

freely movable joints

CHD

Canine Hip Dysplasia; GS; condition of the hip in which the ball and socket joint is malformed

patellar luxation

condition where the patella moves out of its normal position within the trochlear groove; can only be returned to its normal position once the quadriceps muscles in the hindlegs relax and lengthen

brachydont

low crowned teeth; dogs and cats

Hypsodont

high crowned teeth; lagomorphs and rodents

dental formula

canine perm: 2(I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3)= 42

canine dec: 2(i 3/3, c 1/1, p 3/3)=28

feline perm: 2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M1/1)= 30

feline dec: 2 (i 3/3, c 1/1, p 3/2)= 26

carnassial tooth abscess

Upper PM4 abscess

Surgical extraction indicated

retained deciduous tooth

a deciduous tooth should be lost before its permanent replacement appears; removed surgically

Malocclusion 1

both jaws are a proper length and do not result in any over or underbite; crowded teeth/crooked

Malocclusion 2

overbite; the maxillary teeth are markedly in front of the mandibular counterparts

Malocclusion 3

underbite; some or all of the maxillary teeth are located behind the mandibular incisors or canine teeth

can a dog donate blood to a cat?

since the antibodies in felines will not reject canine blood the first time they interact, yet

neonatal isoerythrolysis

occurs when a B type queen is bred to an A or AB type tom and a the A and AB kitten absorbs antibodies from the colostrum (anti-a) when they nurse; develop severe hemolytic anemia; stopped or decrease suckling; dark urine, jaundice; weakness; treatment is stopping colostrum

major cross-matching

Verifies if the recipient's plasma has antibodies to the donor's red blood cell antigens

minor cross-matching

Checks if the donor's plasma contains antibodies to the recipient's red blood cell antigens

what are the risks of blood transfusion

acute hemolysis; sepsis; RBC parasites

why blood transfusion?

severe blood loss; chronic anemia; coagulation defects; autoimmune hemolytic anemia

eligible blood donor

healthy and friendly, btwn 1 and 6, donate at least 4x a year, weigh 55lbs or more/ 10lbs or more

what are the functions of the blood

transportation, regulation, protection

what are the characteristics of blood

blood color is red bc of erythrocytes (o rich scarlet arteries, o poor dark red veins)

blood volume (dogs 80ml/kgxbw kg; cats 70ml/kgx bw)

blood pH: vein more acidic than artery blood