Unit Test Review Flashcards

Flashcards for Chemistry, Biology, and Physics Unit Test Review

Proton

Subatomic particle with a positive charge

Neutron

Subatomic particle with no charge (neutral)

Electron

Subatomic particle with a negative charge.

Bohr-Rutherford Diagram

Diagram representing the arrangement of electrons in an atom's shells.

Lewis Dot Diagram

Diagram representing valence electrons around an atom's symbol.

Valence Electrons

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom; determine chemical properties.

Ion

Formed when an atom gains or loses electrons, resulting in a net charge.

Ionic Compound

Compound formed through the transfer of electrons between atoms.

Covalent Compound

Compound formed through the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Chemical Equation

Representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas.

Word Equation

Representation of a chemical reaction using words.

Skeleton Equation

Chemical equation that is not balanced; only shows the formulas of reactants and products

Law of Conservation of Mass

Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Balancing Chemical Equations

Process of adjusting coefficients in a chemical equation to ensure the number of atoms of each element is equal on both sides.

Synthesis Reaction

Reaction where two or more reactants combine to form a single product.

Decomposition Reaction

Reaction where a single reactant breaks down into two or more products.

Single Displacement Reaction

Reaction where one element replaces another element in a compound.

Double Displacement Reaction

Reaction where ions are exchanged between two compounds, forming two new compounds.

Acid

Substance that donates protons or accepts electrons; pH less than 7.

Base

Substance that accepts protons or donates electrons; pH greater than 7.

pH scale

Measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution; ranges from 0 to 14.

Neutralization Reaction

Reaction between an acid and a base, producing salt and water.

Cell Theory

States that all living things are composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

Cell Organelles

Structures within a cell that perform specific functions.

Nucleus

Organelle that controls cell activities and contains genetic material.

Mitochondria

Organelle responsible for energy production through cellular respiration.

Ribosome

Organelle responsible for protein synthesis.

Cell Membrane

Outer boundary of a cell that controls what enters and exits.

Chloroplast

Organelle in plant cells that carries out photosynthesis.

Cell Wall

Rigid outer layer of plant cells that provides support and protection.

Chromosome

Structure containing genetic information in the form of DNA.

Prokaryotes

Cells without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotes

Cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Cell Cycle

Series of events that a cell goes through from birth to reproduction.

Interphase

Phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and prepares for division.

Mitosis

Process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells.

Prophase

First phase of mitosis where chromosomes condense and the nuclear membrane breaks down.

Metaphase

Phase of mitosis where chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

Anaphase

Phase of mitosis where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

Telophase

Final phase of mitosis where the nuclear membrane reforms and chromosomes decondense.

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells.

Cancer

Uncontrolled cell growth and division.

Tumor

Mass of abnormal cells.

Metastasis

Process where cancer cells spread to other parts of the body.

Carcinogen

Substance that can cause cancer.

Stem Cell

Cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Specialized Cells

Cells with a specific function.

Hierarchy of an Organism

Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ Systems -> Organism

Organ System

Group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.

Digestive System

Breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

Circulatory System

Transports blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body.

Respiratory System

Exchanges gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the body and the environment.

Skeletal System

Supports the body, protects organs, and allows for movement.

Muscular System

Enables movement, maintains posture, and generates heat.

Nervous System

Controls and coordinates bodily functions through electrical and chemical signals.

Pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation, coronary circulation

Three types of circulation and their function:

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart

Veins

Carry blood to the heart

Capillaries

Smallest blood vessels that connect arteries and veins.

Lymphatic system

Main function is the immune response and recycling fluids.

Gas exchange

Oxygen moves from the lungs into the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide moves from the bloodstream into the lungs

Voluntary - you control the movement; Involuntary - the muscles move on their own

Voluntary versus involuntary muscles:

Neuron

Main cell type of the nervous system.

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Two types of nervous systems in the body and their main structures/functions:

Visible Light

Electromagnetic radiation that humans can see.

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The entire range of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays.

Wavelength

The distance between successive crests of a wave.

Frequency

A measure of how often something happens.

Primary colors of light (additive color theory)

States that white light is composed of the three primary colours of light: red, green, and blue.

Subtractive colour theory)

States how we see colour.

Opaque

Light that is blocked and does not get through the object

Translucent

Light that is absorbed and transferred through the object

Transparent

Light that transfered through the object in straight line

Reflection

The bouncing back of light off a surface.

Incident Angle

The angle between the incident ray and the normal.

Reflected Angle

the angle between the reflected ray and the normal.

Refraction

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.