Module 45 and 46

Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn, Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood

major issues of developmental psychology as a major

physical, cognitive, and social development

How do genetics interact with experience to influence development?

Nature vs nurture

What parts of development are gradual, and what parts change abruptly in separate stages?

Continuity and Stages

What traits persist through life, and how do we change as we age?

Stability and change

those who emphasize experience see development as a

slow, continuous shaping process

suggest that psychological development works in the same shaping process, with biologically-determined stages

Piaget on cognitive development, Kahlberg on morals, Erikson on psychosocial

stage theorists

reflected a world view of individualist cultures and emphasized thinking over acting

Kohlberg

though some children have abilities Piaget attributed to children later in life, the human brain has growth spurts during childhood/puberty that

roughly correspond to Piaget’s stages

Kohlberg’s stages

preconventional and conventional morality

Flex head away from stimulation around the mouth. Ears take shape

7\.5 weeks

can grasp, frown, squint, grimace and may even such their thumbs

12-15 weeks

sense of taste and smell and may respond to sound

20-24 weeks

nerve supply to ears is complete and can respond to touch and light

25-27

eyes open, neural circuits are as advanced as a newborn

32 weeks

Emotional reactivity and intensity

Remains very stable throughout our lifetime

temperament

Stabilizes with age

Not the same for social attitudes

personality

After birth, babies prefer their _____ voice to anyone else

mother’s

Babies also prefer mom’s ----, as seen when they cry with similar intonation

language

When something touches a baby’s cheek, babies open their mouths and turn towards it

rooting reflex

Newborns prefer sights/sounds facilitating

social responsiveness

toes flare out and curl back when foot is stroked

Babinski reflex

arms thrust out and back arches when surprised

Moro

toes curl when the ball of the foot is pressed

plantar

if submerged, babies hold their breath and pump their legs

swimming

move feet up and down as if walking when held over a flat surface

Stepping

ages where the most rapid growth occurs in your frontal lobes, developing rational planning.

3-6

last cortical areas to develop

thinking, memory, language

Quick physical test given at 1 and 5 minutes after birth

APGAR test

APGAR

Activity (muscle tone)

Pulse

Grimace (reflex)

Appearance

Respiration

fertilized egg

2 week period of rapid cell division

zygote

from around 2 weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month

developing human baby

embryo

human baby from 9 weeks after conception to birth

fetus

monster maker

chemical agents/viruses that can reach the baby during prenatal development and cause harm

tetragens

physical/cognitive abnormalities in children caused by heavy drinking of the mother

smaller head, abnormal facial features

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. Familiarity with repeated exposure results in waning interest.

habituation

biological growth processes enabling orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experiences

a sequence of processes--standing, then walking, babbling, then talking

maturation