Introduction to Microbiology

micro; bios; logus

microbiology is derived from the word ?

Microbiology

Study of very small living organisms

1. Occurrences of microscopic forms of life in disease, immunology, and production of nature vaccines

2. Reproduction & physiology

3. Participation in the processes of nature

4. Harmful & harmless effects in man

5. Significance in science & industry

5 CONCERNS OF MICROBIOLOGY

Microorganisms

Indigenous flora or microbiota

Microorganisms

• Pathogens

• opportunists

1. Bacteriology

2. Phycology

3. Mycology

4. Protozoology

5. Virology

5 SCOPES OF MICROBIOLOGY

General Microbiology

Study of classification of microorganisms how they function

General Microbiology

Encompasses all areas of microbiology

Agricultural Microbiology

Includes the studies of:

- The beneficial and harmful roles of microbes in soil formation & fertility

- In C, N, P & S cycles

- In diseases of plants

- In digestive processes of cows and other ruminants

- In the production of crops and foods

Agricultural Microbiology

• Food micro

• Dairy micro

Biotechnology

• a.k.a. Industrial Microbiology

• Use of microorganisms in industry

Environmental Microbiology & Bioremediation

• a.k.a. Microbial Ecology

• Environment

Environmental Microbiology & Bioremediation

Encompasses the areas of soil, air, water, sewage, food, and dairy microbiology; cycling of elements by microbial, environmental and geochemical processes

Medical & Clinical Microbiology

Study of pathogens, the diseases they cause, and the body’s defenses against them

Medical & Clinical Microbiology

Concerned with epidemiology, transmission of pathogens, dse-prevention measures, aseptic techniques, treatment of infectious disease, immunology, and production of vaccines

Microbial Genetics & Genetic Engineering

Study of microbial DNA, chromosomes, plasmids and genes

Microbial Genetics & Genetic Engineering

Involves the insertion of foreign genes to microorganisms

Microbial Physiology

Contributed to the understanding of the structure & functions of microbial cells

Paleomicrobiology

Involves the study of ancient microbes

Parasitology

Study of parasites

Sanitary Microbiology

Includes processing and disposal of garbage and sewage wastes; purification and processing of water supplies

Veterinary Microbiology

Concern with the spread and control of infectious diseases among animals

Veterinary Microbiology

Major importance:

- Production of food from livestock

- Raising of other agriculturally important animals

- Care of pets

- Transmission of diseases from animals to humans

Girolamo Fracastorius (1546)

Italian physician

Girolamo Fracastorius (1546)

Living germs- agents of communicable diseases

Girolamo Fracastorius (1546)

Transmitted by direct contact with humans & animals & indirectly with objects

Living germs

agents of communicable diseases

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

“Father of Ancient Microbiology”

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

Discovered the microscope

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

- 1st to describe the RBC

- See protozoa

- Classified bacteria into shapes

John Needham

The greatest supporter of spontaneous generation

Francisco Redi (1660)

Demonstrated that animals do not arise spontaneously from dead organic matter

Experiments disproving spontaneous generation

Abbe Spallanzani (1770)

Demonstrated that heated broth, in the absence of air, did not support spontaneous generation

Schroder and von Dusch (1854)

Demonstrated that broth heated in the presence of filtered air did not support spontaneous generation

Rudolf Virchow (1858)

Proposed the theory of biogenesis

John Tyndall (1860)

Demonstrated that open tubes of broth remained free of bacteria if air was free of dust

John Tyndall (1860)

Developed tyndallization to destroy spores

John Tyndall (1860)

Proved that dust carries germs

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

“Father of Modern Microbiology”

Louis Pasteur (1861)

disproved the theory of spontaneous generation

• Aerobes & anaerobes

Louis Pasteur (1858)

contributed to the understanding of fermentation

Louis Pasteur (1866)

• developed technique for selective destruction of microorganisms

• study of bacterial contamination of wine

Louis Pasteur (1868)

study of diseases of silkworms

—Contribute to Germ theory of disease

—Changes in hospital practices to minimize the spread of disease by pathogens

Louis Pasteur (1881)

attenuated vaccines of anthrax & chicken cholera; swine erysipelas

Louis Pasteur (1885)

immunization against rabies

Louis Pasteur 1859 experiment

Joseph Lister

Concept of aseptic technique

Robert Koch

Developed postulates for proving the cause of infectious diseases; & pure culture concept

Robert Koch (1876)

observed anthrax bacilli

Robert Koch (1882)

• developed solid culture media

• discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Robert Koch

Koch Postulates