Week 1 : Day 2

Flashcards based on lecture notes for exam preparation.

Homeostasis

A dynamic, and relatively stable state in the internal environment within a narrow limit despite interactions.

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Fluid inside the cell.

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Fluid outside the cells; the body's internal environment.

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Consists of plasma and interstitial fluid, and its conditions are homeostatically regulated.

TBW

Total body water.

Blood Plasma

ECF within blood vessels.

Interstitial Fluid

ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues.

Stimulus

Initial changes to the controlled factor.

Homeostatic Control System

An interconnected network of body components that work together to maintain a given factor.

Intrinsic (local) controls

Controls built into an organ.

Extrinsic (systemic) controls

Controls initiated outside an organ to alter the organ's activity.

Sensor (receptor)

Detects deviation from set point or optimum value.

Input Signal

Nerve impulses or chemical signals sent along the afferent pathway to the integrating center.

Integrating Center (Control Center)

Determines response, e.g., brain.

Output Signal

Nerve impulses or chemical signals sent along the efferent pathway to the target site.

Target Site (Effector Site)

Body structure that produces response or effect that changes the regulated variable.

Negative Feedback

Response of the body is in the opposite direction from the initial change, opposing the initial change.

Positive Feedback

Amplifies the initial change, moving the system away from the set point.

Feedforward Mechanisms

Initiate responses in anticipation of a change.

Thermoreceptor

Sensory receptor sensitive to heat and cold.

Peripheral thermoreceptors

Receives input from the skin.

Central thermoreceptors

Receives input from core body temperature.

Temperature Regulation

Controlled by the thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus.

White adipose tissue

Stores energy in the form of triglyceride deposits (fats).

Brown adipose tissue

Has abundance of mitochondria that contain iron, which causes the reddish brown appearance, converts chemical energy from food into heat.

Exogenous pyrogens

Microorganisms and substances that cause fever.

Endogenous pyrogens

Fever-causing substance, cytokines.

Cytokines

Regulatory peptides that control cell development, differentiation, and the immune response.

Pathophysiology

Abnormal functioning of the body associated with disease.

Hyperthermia

Body temperature rises to abnormally high values.

Hypothermia

Body temperature falls abnormally low, below 95°F (35°C).

Cell Membrane Function

Physical isolation, regulation of exchange, communication, structural support.

Cell Membrane Lipids

Phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol.

Cell Membrane Carbohydrates

Glycoproteins, glycolipids.

Cell Membrane Proteins

Integral, transmembrane, lipid-anchored.