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truman vs stalin and relationship
Truman and the USA
* Truman became president of the USA after Roosevelt’s death.
* He was less sympathetic towards the communist dictatorship in the Soviet Union.
* Roosevelt had held the alliance together and after his death. Truman’s approach was more hard line.
* Stalin was distrustful of Truman, who demanded lots of things at Potsdam.
* He was angry that, before the conference, Truman had successfully tested the atomic bomb without consulting him.
* However, Stalin was already aware of the progress the USA was making.
* Truman became president of the USA after Roosevelt’s death.
* He was less sympathetic towards the communist dictatorship in the Soviet Union.
* Roosevelt had held the alliance together and after his death. Truman’s approach was more hard line.
* Stalin was distrustful of Truman, who demanded lots of things at Potsdam.
* He was angry that, before the conference, Truman had successfully tested the atomic bomb without consulting him.
* However, Stalin was already aware of the progress the USA was making.
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Teherean conference
Agreements about Germany
* USA and Britain agreed to invade Europe from the West through Nazi-occupied France (using Britain as a base for the invasion).
* The Soviet Union agreed to Germany invade from the East (from the place that is now Russia).
* This was known as opening up a ‘second front’ against the Nazis. It is notoriously harder to fight 2 wars at the same time.
Agreements about Japan
* The Soviet Union also agreed with the Americans that it would declare war against Japan. Japan had bombed the American navy at Pearl Harbour on the 7th December 1941.
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Agreements regarding the postwar world
* The USA and Britain agreed that the Polish border would be moved westward, to fall along the Oder and Neisse rivers. This would give the Soviet Union more of Poland's land at the end of the war.
* An international organisation, a bit like a successor to the League of Nations would try to peacefully solve problems between countries. This meeting lay the foundations for the United Nations.
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The leaders' views
* For Stalin, the Tehran Conference was a success. He would gain Polish territory after the war.
* Churchill was less pleased
* USA and Britain agreed to invade Europe from the West through Nazi-occupied France (using Britain as a base for the invasion).
* The Soviet Union agreed to Germany invade from the East (from the place that is now Russia).
* This was known as opening up a ‘second front’ against the Nazis. It is notoriously harder to fight 2 wars at the same time.
Agreements about Japan
* The Soviet Union also agreed with the Americans that it would declare war against Japan. Japan had bombed the American navy at Pearl Harbour on the 7th December 1941.
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Agreements regarding the postwar world
* The USA and Britain agreed that the Polish border would be moved westward, to fall along the Oder and Neisse rivers. This would give the Soviet Union more of Poland's land at the end of the war.
* An international organisation, a bit like a successor to the League of Nations would try to peacefully solve problems between countries. This meeting lay the foundations for the United Nations.
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The leaders' views
* For Stalin, the Tehran Conference was a success. He would gain Polish territory after the war.
* Churchill was less pleased
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Grand alliance
britain, America, Soviet Union
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yalta conference
Agreements about Nazi Germany
* At Yalta, the superpowers agreed on the Declaration of Liberated Europe. This was designed to aid the people who the Grand Alliance had liberated from Nazi control.
* Germany would be forced to pay reparations (payments to the victors after a war). Stalin thought that Germany should pay $20bn in reparations. However, it was agreed that no monetary reparations would be paid - instead the Alliance would each run parts of Germany.
* Germany would have its army banned - something called demilitarisation.
* Nazi war criminals would be tried in courts of law.
Agreements about Eastern Europe
* Britain and America pushed very hard for there to be free and democratic elections in Eastern Europe. The Soviet Union was less keen on this. As a compromise, the Grand Alliance agreed that Poland could exist in a 'Soviet sphere of influence'.
* This Soviet sphere of influence would cause problems for decades to come in the Cold War.
Agreements about international organisations
* After the discussions at the Tehran Conference, the United Nations was finally set up at the Yalta Conference of February 1945.
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* At Yalta, the superpowers agreed on the Declaration of Liberated Europe. This was designed to aid the people who the Grand Alliance had liberated from Nazi control.
* Germany would be forced to pay reparations (payments to the victors after a war). Stalin thought that Germany should pay $20bn in reparations. However, it was agreed that no monetary reparations would be paid - instead the Alliance would each run parts of Germany.
* Germany would have its army banned - something called demilitarisation.
* Nazi war criminals would be tried in courts of law.
Agreements about Eastern Europe
* Britain and America pushed very hard for there to be free and democratic elections in Eastern Europe. The Soviet Union was less keen on this. As a compromise, the Grand Alliance agreed that Poland could exist in a 'Soviet sphere of influence'.
* This Soviet sphere of influence would cause problems for decades to come in the Cold War.
Agreements about international organisations
* After the discussions at the Tehran Conference, the United Nations was finally set up at the Yalta Conference of February 1945.
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.potsdam
Leadership changes since the Yalta conference
* Franklin D. Roosevelt died in April 1945 and was replaced by Harry S. Truman. Truman was more reluctant to compromise with the USSR.
* After the UK General Election in July 1945, Clement Attlee replaced Churchill during the conference.
Agreements on Nazi Germany
* The Nazi Party was banned in Germany.
* War criminals would be tried in court (prosecuted).
The rebuilding of Europe
* Something called the 'Council of Foreign Ministers' was created. It held its first session in London in September 1945. Its aim was to accelerate the recovery of Europe and to settle peace treaties with the Nazi allies (like Italy, Bulgaria, and Finland).
* Berlin and Germany were divided up between the Grand Alliance powers. The Soviets would receive 1/4 of all the output produced in the British, American and French zones. This seemed to compensate the Soviet Union for not getting reparations.
astern Europe
* Truman wanted free, democratic elections to happen in the Eastern European countries ‘liberated’ by the Soviet Union but Stalin was not keen on this idea.
* The UK and USA considered Stalin's installation of an entirely pro-communist government in Poland to be a violation of the Yalta agreement. 2 Polish Communists, Gomułka and Bierut, were very influential and were being supported by the Soviet Union.
* Franklin D. Roosevelt died in April 1945 and was replaced by Harry S. Truman. Truman was more reluctant to compromise with the USSR.
* After the UK General Election in July 1945, Clement Attlee replaced Churchill during the conference.
Agreements on Nazi Germany
* The Nazi Party was banned in Germany.
* War criminals would be tried in court (prosecuted).
The rebuilding of Europe
* Something called the 'Council of Foreign Ministers' was created. It held its first session in London in September 1945. Its aim was to accelerate the recovery of Europe and to settle peace treaties with the Nazi allies (like Italy, Bulgaria, and Finland).
* Berlin and Germany were divided up between the Grand Alliance powers. The Soviets would receive 1/4 of all the output produced in the British, American and French zones. This seemed to compensate the Soviet Union for not getting reparations.
astern Europe
* Truman wanted free, democratic elections to happen in the Eastern European countries ‘liberated’ by the Soviet Union but Stalin was not keen on this idea.
* The UK and USA considered Stalin's installation of an entirely pro-communist government in Poland to be a violation of the Yalta agreement. 2 Polish Communists, Gomułka and Bierut, were very influential and were being supported by the Soviet Union.
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The founding of the UN (United Nations)
At the Yalta Conference in 1945, it was agreed that the UN would be founded
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The USSR and Eastern Europe
Spread of communism
In reaction to fascism, left-wing politics gained more traction in Eastern Europe.
Sphere of influence
* Yalta is considered the first clear expression of a Soviet ‘sphere of influence’.
Controlling elections
* Stalin agreed to the ‘Declaration of Liberated Europe’ at Yalta.
* Communist Parties came to power under the pretence of democracy. In reality, most countries in Eastern Europe did not have free elections.
Communist states
* By 1949, the Soviet Union’s satellite states included Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia.
* The Soviet Union viewed these states as a buffer to the west (as hostilities with the US were escalating) and an opportunity to spread communism
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In reaction to fascism, left-wing politics gained more traction in Eastern Europe.
Sphere of influence
* Yalta is considered the first clear expression of a Soviet ‘sphere of influence’.
Controlling elections
* Stalin agreed to the ‘Declaration of Liberated Europe’ at Yalta.
* Communist Parties came to power under the pretence of democracy. In reality, most countries in Eastern Europe did not have free elections.
Communist states
* By 1949, the Soviet Union’s satellite states included Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia.
* The Soviet Union viewed these states as a buffer to the west (as hostilities with the US were escalating) and an opportunity to spread communism
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satellite states
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
Czechoslavia
Poland
Romania
Bulgaria
Czechoslavia
Poland
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Attitudes of Truman and Stalin
Stalin
* Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union. He had come to power in 1928 after a power struggle following Lenin’s death.
* Stalin was a dictator of a totalitarian state.
* As a person, Stalin was paranoid and had a security complex. This contributed to his fear that the US would destroy communism.
* Stalin’s ambition was to dominate Eastern Europe.
* This can be seen in his ‘salami slicing
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* Truman
* Truman was the President of the United States from 1945 to 1953.
* He was a staunch anti-communist.
* He was more belligerent (aggressive) to Stalin than his predecessor, Roosevelt.
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* Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union. He had come to power in 1928 after a power struggle following Lenin’s death.
* Stalin was a dictator of a totalitarian state.
* As a person, Stalin was paranoid and had a security complex. This contributed to his fear that the US would destroy communism.
* Stalin’s ambition was to dominate Eastern Europe.
* This can be seen in his ‘salami slicing
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* Truman
* Truman was the President of the United States from 1945 to 1953.
* He was a staunch anti-communist.
* He was more belligerent (aggressive) to Stalin than his predecessor, Roosevelt.
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SALT 1, what was agreed, what ws the situation after and what was the importance
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SALT 1 was an agreement between the superpowers to limit the number of nuclear weapons that they had.
The leaders that agreed to SALT 1 were Nixon of the US and Brezhnev of the USSR.
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* No more strategic ballistic weapons could be produced and the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) could not rise.
* No new nuclear missile launch sites & launchers were allowed
* New submarines that could launch nuclear weapons (SLBMs) were only allowed as replacements for existing submarines that could launch nuclear weapons.
The situation after SALT 1
* The Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty limited both sides to two ABM deployment areas.
* But the treaty did not cover immediate nuclear weapons, which were still being deployed by both countries.
* The importance of SALT 1
* SALT 1 slowed down the arms race, as no side had a clear advantage and they stopped one side gaining a further advantage.
* It was important because it showed the improvement in relations between the USA and USSR.
* Nixon and Brezhnev visited each other’s countries over this period.
* SALT 1 also led to further negotiations (including SALT 2).
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SALT 1 was an agreement between the superpowers to limit the number of nuclear weapons that they had.
The leaders that agreed to SALT 1 were Nixon of the US and Brezhnev of the USSR.
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* No more strategic ballistic weapons could be produced and the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) could not rise.
* No new nuclear missile launch sites & launchers were allowed
* New submarines that could launch nuclear weapons (SLBMs) were only allowed as replacements for existing submarines that could launch nuclear weapons.
The situation after SALT 1
* The Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty limited both sides to two ABM deployment areas.
* But the treaty did not cover immediate nuclear weapons, which were still being deployed by both countries.
* The importance of SALT 1
* SALT 1 slowed down the arms race, as no side had a clear advantage and they stopped one side gaining a further advantage.
* It was important because it showed the improvement in relations between the USA and USSR.
* Nixon and Brezhnev visited each other’s countries over this period.
* SALT 1 also led to further negotiations (including SALT 2).
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what did salt 2 lead to
end of detente
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SALT 2
* SALT 2 was based on the agreements between the USSR and the USA from the 1974 Vladivostok Accords.
* The treaty limited the use of multi-warhead missiles and the creation of new launch stations.
* SALT 2 was signed by Presidents Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev in Vienna in June 1979.
SALT 2 was never ratified
* Though it was signed in 1979, it was not ratified (made official policy) by the US Senate because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
* The treaty was a failure.
Views of SALT 2
* Some US politicians thought SALT 2 conceded too much to the Soviet Union, and it was never ratified in the US.
* West German politicians believed it made the USA less likely to use nuclear weapons to protect it.
* Limits on number of missiles did not reduce the overall numbers of missiles that each country had.
* The treaty limited the use of multi-warhead missiles and the creation of new launch stations.
* SALT 2 was signed by Presidents Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev in Vienna in June 1979.
SALT 2 was never ratified
* Though it was signed in 1979, it was not ratified (made official policy) by the US Senate because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
* The treaty was a failure.
Views of SALT 2
* Some US politicians thought SALT 2 conceded too much to the Soviet Union, and it was never ratified in the US.
* West German politicians believed it made the USA less likely to use nuclear weapons to protect it.
* Limits on number of missiles did not reduce the overall numbers of missiles that each country had.
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What does SALT stand for
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
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important events in early US-Soviet relations.
The development of the atomic bomb,
The impact of the atomic bomb (1949)
* The USA had a usable atomic bomb by the end of the war. It dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima on the 6th of August 1945.
* This gave it an advantage until the Soviet Union developed its own in 1949.
* This arms race increased the suspicion between the former allies (USA and Soviet Union).
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the Long telegram
(1946)
* The Long telegram was a top-secret memo sent by US Ambassador to the Soviet Union, George Kennan.
* It argued to President Truman that the Soviet Union was a threat to capitalism (free markets and free trade between people and nations) and that the Soviet Union had to be destroyed.
* It suggested that the Soviets were building up their naval, military and nuclear power. He was partly right. The Soviets developed the atomic bomb in 1949.
* Most importantly, it said that peace between the USA and the USSR was impossible.
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and Novikov telegram
(1946)
* Nikolai Novikov was the Soviet Union's Ambassador to the USA. He wrote a telegram to Josef Stalin saying that the USA aimed to be the greatest power in the world, that it was preparing to go to war and that the Soviets were the only nation that could stop the USA from becoming the dominant military and economic power in the world.
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creation and justification of Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe
* The allies had agreed at Yalta that Poland would be run under a democratic model. However, Stalin broke this promise, turning it into a satellite state (a country effectively controlled by the Soviet Union). The Polish communists, Gomułka and Bierut, led a movement driven by the Soviets.
* As the Soviet Union had been invaded twice by Germany (in 1914 and 1941), resulting in huge territorial, industrial and human loss, Stalin viewed the satellite states as a necessary buffer against invasion.
* However, Britain and the USA saw this extension of authority as an example of how the Soviet Union wanted to spread communism. They viewed this as a threat to the West.
* The Soviet Union’s actions were seen by many as an attempt at expansion.
* But Stalin saw them as merely consolidating their position, creating a buffer zone in Eastern Europe to protect it from attack.
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Salami Slicing
* While the Soviet Union had agreed to hold democratic and fair elections at the wartime conferences, they broke their promise between 1945 and 1950.
* They used something called 'salami tactics' to fix elections. In some Eastern European nations, the Soviet candidates won the elections. In others, like Hungary, even if they lost, the Soviet candidates would imprison or kill the winning candidates and take control.
* By 1950, the Soviets had satellite states in East Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Poland.
The impact of the atomic bomb (1949)
* The USA had a usable atomic bomb by the end of the war. It dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima on the 6th of August 1945.
* This gave it an advantage until the Soviet Union developed its own in 1949.
* This arms race increased the suspicion between the former allies (USA and Soviet Union).
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the Long telegram
(1946)
* The Long telegram was a top-secret memo sent by US Ambassador to the Soviet Union, George Kennan.
* It argued to President Truman that the Soviet Union was a threat to capitalism (free markets and free trade between people and nations) and that the Soviet Union had to be destroyed.
* It suggested that the Soviets were building up their naval, military and nuclear power. He was partly right. The Soviets developed the atomic bomb in 1949.
* Most importantly, it said that peace between the USA and the USSR was impossible.
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and Novikov telegram
(1946)
* Nikolai Novikov was the Soviet Union's Ambassador to the USA. He wrote a telegram to Josef Stalin saying that the USA aimed to be the greatest power in the world, that it was preparing to go to war and that the Soviets were the only nation that could stop the USA from becoming the dominant military and economic power in the world.
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creation and justification of Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe
* The allies had agreed at Yalta that Poland would be run under a democratic model. However, Stalin broke this promise, turning it into a satellite state (a country effectively controlled by the Soviet Union). The Polish communists, Gomułka and Bierut, led a movement driven by the Soviets.
* As the Soviet Union had been invaded twice by Germany (in 1914 and 1941), resulting in huge territorial, industrial and human loss, Stalin viewed the satellite states as a necessary buffer against invasion.
* However, Britain and the USA saw this extension of authority as an example of how the Soviet Union wanted to spread communism. They viewed this as a threat to the West.
* The Soviet Union’s actions were seen by many as an attempt at expansion.
* But Stalin saw them as merely consolidating their position, creating a buffer zone in Eastern Europe to protect it from attack.
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Salami Slicing
* While the Soviet Union had agreed to hold democratic and fair elections at the wartime conferences, they broke their promise between 1945 and 1950.
* They used something called 'salami tactics' to fix elections. In some Eastern European nations, the Soviet candidates won the elections. In others, like Hungary, even if they lost, the Soviet candidates would imprison or kill the winning candidates and take control.
* By 1950, the Soviets had satellite states in East Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Poland.
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Truman doctrine
The Truman Doctrine describes a speech given by the US President, Harry Truman. In the speech, he committed to intervening to help to spread capitalism and limit the spread of communism. this was a policy called ‘containment’.
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* In 1947, when Truman gave the speech, communist parties, supported by the Soviet Union had control of Poland, Romania and Bulgaria. Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria already had communist governments in 1947.
* President Truman was scared that other countries in Eastern Europe and the Middle East would fall to Communism.
* Truman was scared of something called a ‘domino effect’. As more nations got communist governments, they would then support communist revolutions in nearby countries funding populist uprisings.
* The exact contents of the Truman Doctrine said:
* "I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way."
* He committed to giving political, military and financial aid to countries to stop the spread of communism.
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* In 1947, when Truman gave the speech, communist parties, supported by the Soviet Union had control of Poland, Romania and Bulgaria. Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria already had communist governments in 1947.
* President Truman was scared that other countries in Eastern Europe and the Middle East would fall to Communism.
* Truman was scared of something called a ‘domino effect’. As more nations got communist governments, they would then support communist revolutions in nearby countries funding populist uprisings.
* The exact contents of the Truman Doctrine said:
* "I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way."
* He committed to giving political, military and financial aid to countries to stop the spread of communism.
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Winston Churchill's 'Iron Curtain' speech
Winston Churchill's 'Iron Curtain' speech
* Winston Churchill, no longer Prime Minister, gave a significant speech in March 1946 in Fulton, USA.
* He argued that ‘an iron curtain has descended across the continent of Europe’. This iron curtain speech described Russia's behaviour in Eastern Europe.
* Winston Churchill, no longer Prime Minister, gave a significant speech in March 1946 in Fulton, USA.
* He argued that ‘an iron curtain has descended across the continent of Europe’. This iron curtain speech described Russia's behaviour in Eastern Europe.
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The Marshall Plan (Marshall Aid)
1947
* The Marshall Plan provided the economic assistance to back up the Truman Doctrine. It was named after George Marshall, the US Secretary of State at the time.
* The USA gave European nations $12.7bn. However, the biggest recipients were Britain and France. Britain received $2.7bn in Marshall Aid. West Germany only received $1.7bn. Turkey received £137 million.
* The money was spent to encourage trade with the United States and a Technical Assistance Program was designed to implement improvements aimed at increasing productivity.
* Josef Stalin stopped any communist nations supported by the Soviet Union from accepting Marshall Aid.
* Containment'
* Through the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan, the USA sought to contain communism through military and economic assistance to primarily Western European countries. This was part of a policy known as ‘containment’.
* The Truman Doctrine and the 1947 Marshall Plan increased tensions between the Soviets and the US.
Soviet perspective on the Marshall Plan
US perspective on the Marshall Plan
Soviet perspective on the Marshall Plan
* The Soviet Union saw both the 1947 Truman Doctrine and the 1947 Marshall Plan as a threat to Eastern Europe.
* The Soviet Politburo (leadership board of the communist party in Russia) viewed the Marshall Plan as an example of America's 'economic imperialism'.
* US perspective on the Marshall Plan
* On the US side, politicians argued that the Soviets were trying to isolate Eastern Europe from the West by installing communist governments and from banning them from accepting aid.
* In reality, given the fact that most of the aid went to Britain and France, this view is challenged.
* The USA thought that giving rebuilding, poor nations money would stop people from supporting communism. Demanding equality and redistribution of all wealth was likely to be more attractive to starving & unemployed people than employed and wealthy individuals in a prosperous nation.
* The Marshall Plan provided the economic assistance to back up the Truman Doctrine. It was named after George Marshall, the US Secretary of State at the time.
* The USA gave European nations $12.7bn. However, the biggest recipients were Britain and France. Britain received $2.7bn in Marshall Aid. West Germany only received $1.7bn. Turkey received £137 million.
* The money was spent to encourage trade with the United States and a Technical Assistance Program was designed to implement improvements aimed at increasing productivity.
* Josef Stalin stopped any communist nations supported by the Soviet Union from accepting Marshall Aid.
* Containment'
* Through the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan, the USA sought to contain communism through military and economic assistance to primarily Western European countries. This was part of a policy known as ‘containment’.
* The Truman Doctrine and the 1947 Marshall Plan increased tensions between the Soviets and the US.
Soviet perspective on the Marshall Plan
US perspective on the Marshall Plan
Soviet perspective on the Marshall Plan
* The Soviet Union saw both the 1947 Truman Doctrine and the 1947 Marshall Plan as a threat to Eastern Europe.
* The Soviet Politburo (leadership board of the communist party in Russia) viewed the Marshall Plan as an example of America's 'economic imperialism'.
* US perspective on the Marshall Plan
* On the US side, politicians argued that the Soviets were trying to isolate Eastern Europe from the West by installing communist governments and from banning them from accepting aid.
* In reality, given the fact that most of the aid went to Britain and France, this view is challenged.
* The USA thought that giving rebuilding, poor nations money would stop people from supporting communism. Demanding equality and redistribution of all wealth was likely to be more attractive to starving & unemployed people than employed and wealthy individuals in a prosperous nation.
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Cominform
Cominform (1947): “Communist Information Bureau”
* Cominform was a Soviet organisation that tried to encourage communist uprising in nations across Europe.
* Cominform would try to encourage communist parties, like the Revolutionary Communist Party in Great Britain, whilst also trying to destroy communist opposition in the USSR's satellite states in Eastern Europe.
* reinforced idea of iron curtain
* Cominform was a Soviet organisation that tried to encourage communist uprising in nations across Europe.
* Cominform would try to encourage communist parties, like the Revolutionary Communist Party in Great Britain, whilst also trying to destroy communist opposition in the USSR's satellite states in Eastern Europe.
* reinforced idea of iron curtain
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Comecon
Comecon (1949): “Council for Mutual Economic Assistance”
* Comecon was Stalin's answer to the Marshall Plan.
* Comecon gave countries financial aid and encouraged them to trade with the USSR.
* Any nation that joined the Comecon was banned from accepting any money from the Americans under the Marshall Plan.
* The Soviet Union's satellite states - Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and East Germany all joined Comecon.
* reinforced idea of iron curtain
* Comecon was Stalin's answer to the Marshall Plan.
* Comecon gave countries financial aid and encouraged them to trade with the USSR.
* Any nation that joined the Comecon was banned from accepting any money from the Americans under the Marshall Plan.
* The Soviet Union's satellite states - Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and East Germany all joined Comecon.
* reinforced idea of iron curtain
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NATO
NATO (1949): North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
* NATO is a military alliance that is still in place today. It was founded in 1949 and united the USA, France and Great Britain under a new military alliance with the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, and Canada.
* NATO is based on the idea of 'collective security'. Collective security means that if 1 nation is attacked, all the others will fight on its behalf.
* In 1955, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) became a member of NATO.
* As Comecon was a response to the Marshall Plan, the Warsaw Pact was the Soviet Union's response to NATO.
* NATO is a military alliance that is still in place today. It was founded in 1949 and united the USA, France and Great Britain under a new military alliance with the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, and Canada.
* NATO is based on the idea of 'collective security'. Collective security means that if 1 nation is attacked, all the others will fight on its behalf.
* In 1955, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) became a member of NATO.
* As Comecon was a response to the Marshall Plan, the Warsaw Pact was the Soviet Union's response to NATO.
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Bizonia
In 1947, Britain and the United States combined their zones in Germany to form Bizonia. This was a direct violation of Potsdam and angered the Soviet Union
* On the 6th of September 1946, The US Secretary of State James Byrnes said 'the US has formally announced its intention to unify the economy of its zone with any or all other zones'.
* Bizonia unified the British and American zones economically.
* On the 6th of September 1946, The US Secretary of State James Byrnes said 'the US has formally announced its intention to unify the economy of its zone with any or all other zones'.
* Bizonia unified the British and American zones economically.
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.Clashes between the East and West before 1947
.Clashes between the East and West before 1947
* Zones occupied by the British, French and United States were run as capitalist economies.
* Free trade was used to stimulate economic growth.
* But the Soviet sector was run along communist lines.
* Stalin and his government confiscated produced goods in Germany for the Soviet Union.
* Zones occupied by the British, French and United States were run as capitalist economies.
* Free trade was used to stimulate economic growth.
* But the Soviet sector was run along communist lines.
* Stalin and his government confiscated produced goods in Germany for the Soviet Union.
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.Economic problems in Germany
* The harsh winter of 1946/1947 led to shortages in Germany. Zones had to introduce rationing.
* Food imports were costing on average $700 million per year.
* It became apparent that the zones needed to cooperate.
* Food imports were costing on average $700 million per year.
* It became apparent that the zones needed to cooperate.
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Creation of Trizonia
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Creation of Trizonia
* In April 1949, France joined Bizonia to form Trizonia.
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* In April 1949, France joined Bizonia to form Trizonia.
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Permitting political parties
Permitting political parties
* In June 1945, the Soviet Union permitted political parties in their zone.
* The Communist Party (KPD) and the Social Democratic Party (SPD) were established.
* In 1946, these two parties were forced to merge. They became the Socialist Unity Party (SED).
* In June 1945, the Soviet Union permitted political parties in their zone.
* The Communist Party (KPD) and the Social Democratic Party (SPD) were established.
* In 1946, these two parties were forced to merge. They became the Socialist Unity Party (SED).
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what triggered the Berlin blockade
The reform of currency in Trizonia triggered the Berlin Blockade. This led to the permanent division of Germany until 1990.
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The Military mark
* In 1945, the Military mark had been introduced as German currency.
* However, the Soviet zone had printed lots of notes and was devaluing the currency.
* Furthermore, the shortages after 1946/1947 meant inflation was a risk.
The Deutschmark
* The Deutschmark was introduced to replace the Military mark.
* The Soviet Zone, however, rejected the currency change.
* Britain, France and the United States continued to reform their currency.
* The currency reform was very successful. It led to renewed confidence in the German economy.
* On the 20th of June 1948, Trizonia introduced a new currency called the 'Deutschmark' in Operation 'Bird Dog'. Businesses could get Deutschmarks for Rentenmarks at a 1:1 exchange rate, but savers would get 1 Deutschmark for 15 Rentenmarks.
* West Berlin was also becoming wealthier and more prosperous as it began to receive money from the Americans under the Marshall Plan.
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The East German mark
* In response to the Allied currency reform, the Soviets introduced their own currency.
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* However, broadening the context, it can be argued that the blockade was a Soviet response to US provocation (the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan).
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The Military mark
* In 1945, the Military mark had been introduced as German currency.
* However, the Soviet zone had printed lots of notes and was devaluing the currency.
* Furthermore, the shortages after 1946/1947 meant inflation was a risk.
The Deutschmark
* The Deutschmark was introduced to replace the Military mark.
* The Soviet Zone, however, rejected the currency change.
* Britain, France and the United States continued to reform their currency.
* The currency reform was very successful. It led to renewed confidence in the German economy.
* On the 20th of June 1948, Trizonia introduced a new currency called the 'Deutschmark' in Operation 'Bird Dog'. Businesses could get Deutschmarks for Rentenmarks at a 1:1 exchange rate, but savers would get 1 Deutschmark for 15 Rentenmarks.
* West Berlin was also becoming wealthier and more prosperous as it began to receive money from the Americans under the Marshall Plan.
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The East German mark
* In response to the Allied currency reform, the Soviets introduced their own currency.
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* However, broadening the context, it can be argued that the blockade was a Soviet response to US provocation (the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan).
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Berlin blockade
Course of the Blockade
* Under the pretext (false excuse) of ‘technical difficulties’, the Soviet Union blockaded Berlin.
* The Soviets blocked transport to West Berlin.
* The aim was to cut West Berlin off from the west and force it into the Soviet zone.
Western response
* The Western powers refused to let West Berlin go to the Soviets.
* They responded to the blockade with an airlift. From 26 June 1948 to 12 May 1949, supplies were flown each day into Berlin.
* 279,000 flights went to Berlin, bringing 2.3 million tonnes of supplies.
* The pilots became known as the “Rosinenbomber” (raisin bombers) because of the confectionary (sweets) they dropped from the sky.
* A new airport, Tegel, was built to serve the operation.
* This was the policy of containment in action. The West refused to let communism spread to West Berlin.
* End of the blockade
* The Soviet Union recognised that the West would not give up West Berlin.
* They ended the blockade on 12 May 1949.
* Significance of the Berlin Blockade
* The Berlin Blockade was a turning point for Germany and its division.
* The Berlin Blockade was the first direct conflict between the East and the West.
* Under the pretext (false excuse) of ‘technical difficulties’, the Soviet Union blockaded Berlin.
* The Soviets blocked transport to West Berlin.
* The aim was to cut West Berlin off from the west and force it into the Soviet zone.
Western response
* The Western powers refused to let West Berlin go to the Soviets.
* They responded to the blockade with an airlift. From 26 June 1948 to 12 May 1949, supplies were flown each day into Berlin.
* 279,000 flights went to Berlin, bringing 2.3 million tonnes of supplies.
* The pilots became known as the “Rosinenbomber” (raisin bombers) because of the confectionary (sweets) they dropped from the sky.
* A new airport, Tegel, was built to serve the operation.
* This was the policy of containment in action. The West refused to let communism spread to West Berlin.
* End of the blockade
* The Soviet Union recognised that the West would not give up West Berlin.
* They ended the blockade on 12 May 1949.
* Significance of the Berlin Blockade
* The Berlin Blockade was a turning point for Germany and its division.
* The Berlin Blockade was the first direct conflict between the East and the West.
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FRG GDR
In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) were declared.
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Federal Republic of Germany
* In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) formally split from the east. It introduced a new constitution which cemented democratic values in the republic.
* Between 1948 and 1949 a new constitution was being developed for the FRG.
* In the first election, the Christian Democratic Union was elected and Adenauer formed a government.
German Democratic Republic
* In response to the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic was also created.
* Although the East recognised the GDR, it was not formally recognised by Western powers.
* The SED government ostensibly (supposedly) supported free and democratic elections. However, the SED remained in power from 1949 to 1990 (the end of the GDR).
* The government declared its aim of protecting East Germany from fascism and constructing socialism.
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Federal Republic of Germany
* In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) formally split from the east. It introduced a new constitution which cemented democratic values in the republic.
* Between 1948 and 1949 a new constitution was being developed for the FRG.
* In the first election, the Christian Democratic Union was elected and Adenauer formed a government.
German Democratic Republic
* In response to the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic was also created.
* Although the East recognised the GDR, it was not formally recognised by Western powers.
* The SED government ostensibly (supposedly) supported free and democratic elections. However, the SED remained in power from 1949 to 1990 (the end of the GDR).
* The government declared its aim of protecting East Germany from fascism and constructing socialism.
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NATO
NATO (1949): North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
* NATO is a military alliance that is still in place today. It was founded in 1949 and united the USA, France and Great Britain under a new military alliance with the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, and Canada.
* NATO is based on the idea of 'collective security'. Collective security means that if 1 nation is attacked, all the others will fight on its behalf.
* In 1955, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) became a member of NATO.
* NATO is a military alliance that is still in place today. It was founded in 1949 and united the USA, France and Great Britain under a new military alliance with the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, and Canada.
* NATO is based on the idea of 'collective security'. Collective security means that if 1 nation is attacked, all the others will fight on its behalf.
* In 1955, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) became a member of NATO.
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berlin crisis??? unsure
causes:
.Hostility/tension between western allies and soviet union
.Berlin possibly being absorbed by eastern Germany
events;
.Berlin blockade
.Berlin airlift
.NATO
results
.Hostility/tension between western allies and soviet union
.Berlin possibly being absorbed by eastern Germany
events;
.Berlin blockade
.Berlin airlift
.NATO
results
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korean war (priorities learning impact)
Causes of the war
* Following WW2, Korea had been split along the 38th parallel.
* The North was communist and supported by the Soviet Union. It was led by Kim Il Sung.
* The South was supported by the US and was led by Syngman Rhee.
Course of the war
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* In June 1950 conflict began. The North launched an assault on the South.
* In fear of communist expansion, the US sent forces to help South Korea.
* In July 1950, the US sought the UN’s support to send aid. This was granted.
* In September 1950 UN forces, led by General MacArthur arrived to help force back the North Koreans over the parallel.
* In October 1950, China launched an invasion of Korea to force the UN south of the parallel.
* MacArthur demanded the use of atomic weapons, however this was denied.
* By June 1951, a stalemate emerged.
* In November 1952 Eisenhower became president and sought to solve the war.
Impact of the war
Impact of the war
* The war in Korea became a proxy war for the ideological conflict between the US and USSR.
* Following MacArthur’s bellicose behaviour, the idea of regaining territory from communists (rollback) fell out of favour.
* The US kept soldiers in South Korea. This placed a strain on Sino (Chinese)-US relations.
* Following WW2, Korea had been split along the 38th parallel.
* The North was communist and supported by the Soviet Union. It was led by Kim Il Sung.
* The South was supported by the US and was led by Syngman Rhee.
Course of the war
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* In June 1950 conflict began. The North launched an assault on the South.
* In fear of communist expansion, the US sent forces to help South Korea.
* In July 1950, the US sought the UN’s support to send aid. This was granted.
* In September 1950 UN forces, led by General MacArthur arrived to help force back the North Koreans over the parallel.
* In October 1950, China launched an invasion of Korea to force the UN south of the parallel.
* MacArthur demanded the use of atomic weapons, however this was denied.
* By June 1951, a stalemate emerged.
* In November 1952 Eisenhower became president and sought to solve the war.
Impact of the war
Impact of the war
* The war in Korea became a proxy war for the ideological conflict between the US and USSR.
* Following MacArthur’s bellicose behaviour, the idea of regaining territory from communists (rollback) fell out of favour.
* The US kept soldiers in South Korea. This placed a strain on Sino (Chinese)-US relations.
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nuclear arms race and its impact on superpower relations
1940s and 1950s - The USA leads
* On the 6th and 9th August 1945, the USA dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, to defeat Japan and bring them to surrender. This ended World War 2.
* On the 29th of August 1949, the Soviet Union completed its development of an atomic bomb. The USSR was 4 years behind the USA with its nuclear capabilites.
* In 1952, the United States successfully built a Hydrogen bomb. Hydrogen bombs are estimated by experts to be 1,000x more destructive than the atomic bombs used in Japan in 1945.
* In 1953, the USSR built their own Hydrogen bomb (H-bomb). They were now only 1 year behind the USA.
1950s - Neck and neck
* Atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs were important because they allowed countries to do lots of damage to their enemies.
* Missiles became very important because they allowed countries to remotely fire lots of missiles at their enemies quickly. The atomic bombs over Japan had been dropped out of planes.
* In 1958, the USSR completed a test of an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile, called an ICBM. These missiles could be fired 5,500km (the distance from Lisbon to New York over the Atlantic Ocean).
* The USA developed ICBMs in 1959, but the USSR had taken the lead in the Arms Race.
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
* Whilst the Soviet Union didn't have nuclear weapons (before 1949), the USA knew that in a war, it could use nuclear weapons and win.
* After 1949, both the USA and USSR had nuclear weapons.
* After 1959, both sides could fire nuclear weapons 5,500km at each other.
* If there were to be a nuclear war between the 2 countries, it is likely that both countries would have been completely destroyed, firing nuclear missiles at each other. This concept was called Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD).
* This made using nuclear weapons seem like a worse option.
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the arms race helped to end the Cold War. Both the United States and the Soviet Union were spending enormous amounts of money on their nuclear programs. This was one of the factors that led to the Soviet Union agreeing to an end to the Cold War.
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* On the 6th and 9th August 1945, the USA dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, to defeat Japan and bring them to surrender. This ended World War 2.
* On the 29th of August 1949, the Soviet Union completed its development of an atomic bomb. The USSR was 4 years behind the USA with its nuclear capabilites.
* In 1952, the United States successfully built a Hydrogen bomb. Hydrogen bombs are estimated by experts to be 1,000x more destructive than the atomic bombs used in Japan in 1945.
* In 1953, the USSR built their own Hydrogen bomb (H-bomb). They were now only 1 year behind the USA.
1950s - Neck and neck
* Atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs were important because they allowed countries to do lots of damage to their enemies.
* Missiles became very important because they allowed countries to remotely fire lots of missiles at their enemies quickly. The atomic bombs over Japan had been dropped out of planes.
* In 1958, the USSR completed a test of an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile, called an ICBM. These missiles could be fired 5,500km (the distance from Lisbon to New York over the Atlantic Ocean).
* The USA developed ICBMs in 1959, but the USSR had taken the lead in the Arms Race.
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
* Whilst the Soviet Union didn't have nuclear weapons (before 1949), the USA knew that in a war, it could use nuclear weapons and win.
* After 1949, both the USA and USSR had nuclear weapons.
* After 1959, both sides could fire nuclear weapons 5,500km at each other.
* If there were to be a nuclear war between the 2 countries, it is likely that both countries would have been completely destroyed, firing nuclear missiles at each other. This concept was called Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD).
* This made using nuclear weapons seem like a worse option.
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the arms race helped to end the Cold War. Both the United States and the Soviet Union were spending enormous amounts of money on their nuclear programs. This was one of the factors that led to the Soviet Union agreeing to an end to the Cold War.
\
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Formation of the Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Pact
* The Warsaw Pact was signed on the 14th of May 1955.
* The Warsaw Pact was a rival to NATO (which was created in 1949).
* It was an alliance between the Soviet Union and its satellite states in Eastern Europe (East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and more).
Signatories
* The Warsaw Pact was signed by the Soviet Union, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and Albania.
Khrushchev established the Warsaw Pact
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* The Warsaw Pact was signed on the 14th of May 1955.
* The Warsaw Pact was a rival to NATO (which was created in 1949).
* It was an alliance between the Soviet Union and its satellite states in Eastern Europe (East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and more).
Signatories
* The Warsaw Pact was signed by the Soviet Union, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and Albania.
Khrushchev established the Warsaw Pact
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Khrushchev and Peaceful Co-existence
Stalin’s legacy
* Khrushchev sought to ‘de-Stalinise’ the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.
* Peaceful coexistence was anathema (hated) to Stalin and Lenin’s notion of a ‘world revolution’.
* eaceful coexistence
* In 1956 at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Khrushchev articulated his policy of peaceful coexistence.
* Khrushchev criticised Stalin and labelled him a tyrant.
* Khrushchev sought to de-escalate tensions with the US, particularly over nuclear weapons.
* The policy stated that capitalism and communism could coexist.
Efforts to demonstrate coexistence
fforts to demonstrate coexistence
* Khrushchev went to peace conferences (e.g. the Geneva Summit) to demonstrate his commitment to peaceful coexistence.
* Khrushchev accepted Tito’s alternative path to communism.
* Khrushchev in 1956 when visiting Britain “You do not like Communism. We do not like capitalism. There is only one way out - peaceful coexistence”.
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* Khrushchev sought to ‘de-Stalinise’ the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.
* Peaceful coexistence was anathema (hated) to Stalin and Lenin’s notion of a ‘world revolution’.
* eaceful coexistence
* In 1956 at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Khrushchev articulated his policy of peaceful coexistence.
* Khrushchev criticised Stalin and labelled him a tyrant.
* Khrushchev sought to de-escalate tensions with the US, particularly over nuclear weapons.
* The policy stated that capitalism and communism could coexist.
Efforts to demonstrate coexistence
fforts to demonstrate coexistence
* Khrushchev went to peace conferences (e.g. the Geneva Summit) to demonstrate his commitment to peaceful coexistence.
* Khrushchev accepted Tito’s alternative path to communism.
* Khrushchev in 1956 when visiting Britain “You do not like Communism. We do not like capitalism. There is only one way out - peaceful coexistence”.
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The Hungarian Uprising
The Hungarian Uprising - 1956
* In the winter of 1956, Hungarian people began demonstrating on the streets and pulled down statues of Stalin. There had been food shortages and a year of bad harvests due to adverse weather. This seems to be what triggered the protests.
* Nikita Khrushchev asked Imre Nagy to become the Hungarian Prime Minister. Nagy was a communist, but he was viewed as more liberal and open than Rakosi.
* mre Nagy's extreme reforms
* However, Nagy was more extreme than Krushchev had expected.
* Nagy announced plans to allow other political parties, end 1 party rule, and then in November 1956, announced that Hungary would be leaving the Warsaw Pact.
* These moves threatened the Soviet Union's control of Hungary and if they happened across Eastern Europe would wipe out the 'buffer' of satellite states that they had created.
Khrushchev’s response
* Khrushchev saw the threat to the Soviet Union from Nagy leaving the Warsaw Pact and ending the 1-party-state in Hungary. If this happened in other Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe, then the Soviets would have no buffer zone and very little influence in Europe. He had to discourage the behaviour.
* The Soviet Union invaded Hungary on the 4th of November 1956.
* 2,500 Hungarians and 700 Soviet soldiers died as an army of over 200,000 men rolled into Budapest in tanks.
* Krushchev justified the invasion by saying that communist people were being killed by protestors.
* Imre Nagy was executed by hanging in June 1958.
Janos Kadar
* After Nagy was overthrown, Janos Kadar became the Prime Minister of Hungary, appointed by Krushchev and the Soviet Politburo (leadership committee).
* Hungary then adopted something called the '15 Point Programme'. This aimed to reverse Nagy's suggestions and tighten up communist control in Hungary.
* However, Kadar was more moderate than other satellite state leaders, like Josip Tito in Yugoslavia.
International reaction to the Hungarian Uprising
* The reaction to the Soviet Union's conduct in Hungary was vocal but weak.
* The 1956 Olympics were in Melbourne, Australia. Spain, the Netherlands and Switzerland boycotted in protest.
* The United Nations wrote a statement 'condemning' the actions of the Soviet Union.
* America accepted tens of thousands of Hungarian refugees (estimated at about 80,000), like Andy Grove (CEO of Intel), Kesha's grandmother and Milton Freidman (the economist).
* However, writing statements does not free people from military rule.
* The USA and West looked weak. They had shown that in a world with nuclear weapons, they would not intervene in Eastern Europe.
* In the winter of 1956, Hungarian people began demonstrating on the streets and pulled down statues of Stalin. There had been food shortages and a year of bad harvests due to adverse weather. This seems to be what triggered the protests.
* Nikita Khrushchev asked Imre Nagy to become the Hungarian Prime Minister. Nagy was a communist, but he was viewed as more liberal and open than Rakosi.
* mre Nagy's extreme reforms
* However, Nagy was more extreme than Krushchev had expected.
* Nagy announced plans to allow other political parties, end 1 party rule, and then in November 1956, announced that Hungary would be leaving the Warsaw Pact.
* These moves threatened the Soviet Union's control of Hungary and if they happened across Eastern Europe would wipe out the 'buffer' of satellite states that they had created.
Khrushchev’s response
* Khrushchev saw the threat to the Soviet Union from Nagy leaving the Warsaw Pact and ending the 1-party-state in Hungary. If this happened in other Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe, then the Soviets would have no buffer zone and very little influence in Europe. He had to discourage the behaviour.
* The Soviet Union invaded Hungary on the 4th of November 1956.
* 2,500 Hungarians and 700 Soviet soldiers died as an army of over 200,000 men rolled into Budapest in tanks.
* Krushchev justified the invasion by saying that communist people were being killed by protestors.
* Imre Nagy was executed by hanging in June 1958.
Janos Kadar
* After Nagy was overthrown, Janos Kadar became the Prime Minister of Hungary, appointed by Krushchev and the Soviet Politburo (leadership committee).
* Hungary then adopted something called the '15 Point Programme'. This aimed to reverse Nagy's suggestions and tighten up communist control in Hungary.
* However, Kadar was more moderate than other satellite state leaders, like Josip Tito in Yugoslavia.
International reaction to the Hungarian Uprising
* The reaction to the Soviet Union's conduct in Hungary was vocal but weak.
* The 1956 Olympics were in Melbourne, Australia. Spain, the Netherlands and Switzerland boycotted in protest.
* The United Nations wrote a statement 'condemning' the actions of the Soviet Union.
* America accepted tens of thousands of Hungarian refugees (estimated at about 80,000), like Andy Grove (CEO of Intel), Kesha's grandmother and Milton Freidman (the economist).
* However, writing statements does not free people from military rule.
* The USA and West looked weak. They had shown that in a world with nuclear weapons, they would not intervene in Eastern Europe.
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U2 and its effects
The U2 incident
* On 1 May 1960, an American U2 (spy) aircraft was spotted and shot down over the Soviet Union.
* This was an international scandal and the US was forced to admit it was spying on the Soviet Union.
* Impact on the Paris Peace Summit
* At the Paris Peace Summit, Khrushchev demanded an apology.
* Eisenhower, the US president, refused to apologise.
* Khrushchev left the peace summit.
* This incident escalated tensions and upped the ante in the Cold W
* On 1 May 1960, an American U2 (spy) aircraft was spotted and shot down over the Soviet Union.
* This was an international scandal and the US was forced to admit it was spying on the Soviet Union.
* Impact on the Paris Peace Summit
* At the Paris Peace Summit, Khrushchev demanded an apology.
* Eisenhower, the US president, refused to apologise.
* Khrushchev left the peace summit.
* This incident escalated tensions and upped the ante in the Cold W
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**The Refugee Problem in Berlin**
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**The Refugee Problem in Berlin**
The living conditions in West Berlin were better than the living conditions in East Berlin. This caused many people living in East Berlin to leave. From 1949 to 1961, 2.7 million East Germans entered West Berlin.
* The living conditions in West Berlin were better than the living conditions in East Berlin.
* Wages in West Berlin were higher than wages in East Berlin.
Refugees and workers
* Many East Germans were aware that living conditions were better and wages higher in West Berlin.
* Because West Berlin was a US-controlled haven in East Germany, people could move to East Berlin. Move to West Berlin. And then move to West Germany.
* Between 1952 and 1961, it is estimated that 3.5 million East Germans migrated to West Germany.
* This was a propaganda defeat for the Soviets - people were leaving their territory and moving to American-controlled territory. It also caused a problem for East Germany. Skilled workers tended to leave East Germany, so East Germany's output, productivity and wealth didn't rise as much. There was a shortage of skilled labour.
The living conditions in West Berlin were better than the living conditions in East Berlin. This caused many people living in East Berlin to leave. From 1949 to 1961, 2.7 million East Germans entered West Berlin.
* The living conditions in West Berlin were better than the living conditions in East Berlin.
* Wages in West Berlin were higher than wages in East Berlin.
Refugees and workers
* Many East Germans were aware that living conditions were better and wages higher in West Berlin.
* Because West Berlin was a US-controlled haven in East Germany, people could move to East Berlin. Move to West Berlin. And then move to West Germany.
* Between 1952 and 1961, it is estimated that 3.5 million East Germans migrated to West Germany.
* This was a propaganda defeat for the Soviets - people were leaving their territory and moving to American-controlled territory. It also caused a problem for East Germany. Skilled workers tended to leave East Germany, so East Germany's output, productivity and wealth didn't rise as much. There was a shortage of skilled labour.
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The Berlin Ultimatum and response
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The Berlin Ultimatum, November 1958
* In November 1958, Khrushchev issued a memorandum (written document), claiming that Berlin should be absorbed into East Germany.
* Krushchev threatened that all American, British and French troops should leave Berlin within 6 months.
Response to the ultimatum: summits
* The ultimatum led to a series of summit meetings between the leaders of the great powers.
* The first summit happened in Geneva and the second summit happened in September 1959 at Camp David. The Camp David summit was led by the US President, Dwight Eisenhower, and Krushchev.
* The U2 Spy Plane Crisis undermined all progress at the 1960 Paris Summit. Talks broke down after the USSR shot down an American 'U2' spy plane in Russian airspace.
* In November 1958, Khrushchev issued a memorandum (written document), claiming that Berlin should be absorbed into East Germany.
* Krushchev threatened that all American, British and French troops should leave Berlin within 6 months.
Response to the ultimatum: summits
* The ultimatum led to a series of summit meetings between the leaders of the great powers.
* The first summit happened in Geneva and the second summit happened in September 1959 at Camp David. The Camp David summit was led by the US President, Dwight Eisenhower, and Krushchev.
* The U2 Spy Plane Crisis undermined all progress at the 1960 Paris Summit. Talks broke down after the USSR shot down an American 'U2' spy plane in Russian airspace.
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The construction of the Berlin Wall and reactions/effects
The construction of the Berlin Wall
* On the 13th August 1961, the USSR (Soviet Union) began to build the Berlin Wall.
* Krushchev's Berlin Ultimatum of 1958 ordered Western troops to leave Berlin, but they did not.
* The Berlin Wall was an effort to solve the refugee crisis and keep people in East Germany and East Berlin.
* Initially, the Berlin Wall was a flimsy fence with razor wire at the top. Over time, it became a heavier concrete border between East and West Berlin.
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The reaction to the Berlin Wall
* The Allies (Britain, France, and the USA) kept control of West Berlin.
* It was far harder for East German refugees to move into West Germany.
* The Berlin Wall was a propaganda defeat for the Soviet Union. Having to build a wall to keep your citizens in is not a great look.
* Although the Berlin Wall was not great, it was less violent than the events of the Hungarian Uprising and was a peaceful solution to the refugee crisis.
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Crossing the border
* Some refugees tried to cross the Berlin Wall anyway. On the 17th of August 1972, a man was shot by East German soldiers firing machine guns. Between 80 and 200 people are estimated to have been killed trying to cross the Berlin Wall.
* Initially, foreigners were initially allowed to travel into East Berlin from West Berlin by crossing 'Checkpoint Charlie'. There was a tense stand-off between the Soviet army (including tanks) stopping American citizens from crossing into East Berlin on the 27th October 1961.
The international reaction
* On a visit to West Berlin on the 26th June 1963, John F Kennedy, the US President who would be assassinated in November 1963, described himself as a 'Berliner' in a symbolic speech.
* On the 13th August 1961, the USSR (Soviet Union) began to build the Berlin Wall.
* Krushchev's Berlin Ultimatum of 1958 ordered Western troops to leave Berlin, but they did not.
* The Berlin Wall was an effort to solve the refugee crisis and keep people in East Germany and East Berlin.
* Initially, the Berlin Wall was a flimsy fence with razor wire at the top. Over time, it became a heavier concrete border between East and West Berlin.
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The reaction to the Berlin Wall
* The Allies (Britain, France, and the USA) kept control of West Berlin.
* It was far harder for East German refugees to move into West Germany.
* The Berlin Wall was a propaganda defeat for the Soviet Union. Having to build a wall to keep your citizens in is not a great look.
* Although the Berlin Wall was not great, it was less violent than the events of the Hungarian Uprising and was a peaceful solution to the refugee crisis.
\
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Crossing the border
* Some refugees tried to cross the Berlin Wall anyway. On the 17th of August 1972, a man was shot by East German soldiers firing machine guns. Between 80 and 200 people are estimated to have been killed trying to cross the Berlin Wall.
* Initially, foreigners were initially allowed to travel into East Berlin from West Berlin by crossing 'Checkpoint Charlie'. There was a tense stand-off between the Soviet army (including tanks) stopping American citizens from crossing into East Berlin on the 27th October 1961.
The international reaction
* On a visit to West Berlin on the 26th June 1963, John F Kennedy, the US President who would be assassinated in November 1963, described himself as a 'Berliner' in a symbolic speech.
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Soviet and US Relations With Cuba
* Before 1959, Cuba (an island close to the USA), cooperated with the USA under the leadership of the dictator General Batista.
* In the year 1959, Fidel Castro led a socialist revolution that overthrew US-supported General Batista. This ended the co-operation between Cuba and America.
* In response, and looking for a strong partner against the Americans, Cuba began to trade with the USSR. Initially, the USSR had no idea who Castro was, however, links strengthened and the Soviets began to sell oil & fuel to Cuba. Brezhnev would go on to visit Cuba in 1974 as the relationship grew stronger.
* Cuba began to ask the Soviet Union for (military) defense support. At the same time, the USA was trying to bring Cuba back into America’s sphere of influence.
* The USA would not recognise the government under Fidel Castro (the revolutionary who took power in 1959), and the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) unsuccessfully tried to assassinate him.
* Kennedy and the CIA decided that extreme action needed to be taken against Cuba.
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* In the year 1959, Fidel Castro led a socialist revolution that overthrew US-supported General Batista. This ended the co-operation between Cuba and America.
* In response, and looking for a strong partner against the Americans, Cuba began to trade with the USSR. Initially, the USSR had no idea who Castro was, however, links strengthened and the Soviets began to sell oil & fuel to Cuba. Brezhnev would go on to visit Cuba in 1974 as the relationship grew stronger.
* Cuba began to ask the Soviet Union for (military) defense support. At the same time, the USA was trying to bring Cuba back into America’s sphere of influence.
* The USA would not recognise the government under Fidel Castro (the revolutionary who took power in 1959), and the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) unsuccessfully tried to assassinate him.
* Kennedy and the CIA decided that extreme action needed to be taken against Cuba.
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bay of pigs and consequences
The Bay of Pigs
* At the Bay of Pigs on the 17th April 1961, America invaded Cuba. The CIA told Kennedy that the invasion would look like a Cuban revolt.
* The USA assembled a group of Cuban exiles called 'Brigade 2506'. The CIA funded them, gave them US planes, and launched an invasion from Guatemala.
* The 1,400 US-backed paramilitaries (or soldiers) were met by an army of 20,000 Cubans. The exiles surrendered.
Consequences of the Bay of Pigs
* Fidel Castro had been informed about the impending invasion before it was launched. This allowed him to prepare his armies.
* The American planes used in the raid made it clear that it was a US invasion.
* 1,202 members of Brigade 2506 were captured. Castro offered to release the men in exchange for $28 million worth of tractors, before an agreement was struck in 1962 to deliver $53 million worth of food and medicine to Cuba, in exchange for the prisoners. Kennedy attended their 'welcome back' ceremony in Florida.
* The Bay of Pigs invasion destroyed the possibility of good Cuban-American relations.
* Fidel Castro cemented his socialist rule in Cuba.
* The USA lost face. They had funded a failed invasion and pretended they weren't involved.
* At the Bay of Pigs on the 17th April 1961, America invaded Cuba. The CIA told Kennedy that the invasion would look like a Cuban revolt.
* The USA assembled a group of Cuban exiles called 'Brigade 2506'. The CIA funded them, gave them US planes, and launched an invasion from Guatemala.
* The 1,400 US-backed paramilitaries (or soldiers) were met by an army of 20,000 Cubans. The exiles surrendered.
Consequences of the Bay of Pigs
* Fidel Castro had been informed about the impending invasion before it was launched. This allowed him to prepare his armies.
* The American planes used in the raid made it clear that it was a US invasion.
* 1,202 members of Brigade 2506 were captured. Castro offered to release the men in exchange for $28 million worth of tractors, before an agreement was struck in 1962 to deliver $53 million worth of food and medicine to Cuba, in exchange for the prisoners. Kennedy attended their 'welcome back' ceremony in Florida.
* The Bay of Pigs invasion destroyed the possibility of good Cuban-American relations.
* Fidel Castro cemented his socialist rule in Cuba.
* The USA lost face. They had funded a failed invasion and pretended they weren't involved.
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The Cuban Missile Crisis
* In October 1962, the USA discovered Soviet Union missile sites on Cuba.
* Cuba had allowed the Soviet Union to station (put) missiles there to act as a deterrent to stop the USA attacking Cuba again.
* The US media and public were panicked when they heard about the missile sites on Cuba. On Monday 22nd October at 7pm President Kennedy addressed the American TV networks (ABC, CBS and NBC) to inform them about the situation in Cuba.
* On the 20th October 1962, President Kennedy decided on a 'quarantine zone'. He thought an invasion of Cuba risked nuclear war. Instead, the blockade would try to stop any Soviet ships from reaching Cuba.
* The USSR initially said that they would not respect the 'quarantine zone'. They said that any action towards their ships would provoke military action.
* If the Soviet and American ships had engaged in any battles or conflict, it could have provoked a nuclear war.
* On the 27th of October 1962, Krushchev and Kennedy compromise. The Soviet Union would not place any missiles on Cuba, if the USA removed its warheads (likely ICBMs) from its army bases in Europe (mainly in Italy and Turkey). This would mean that neither superpower had missiles within range of the opposition's territory.
The end of the Cuban Missile Crisis
* The USA takes missiles out of Europe without telling the public (allowing Kennedy and the American hawks to save face).
* On the 28th of October, Krushchev goes on television, agreeing not to send missiles to Cuba. Soviet ships never crossed the blockade and war was avoided
* Cuba had allowed the Soviet Union to station (put) missiles there to act as a deterrent to stop the USA attacking Cuba again.
* The US media and public were panicked when they heard about the missile sites on Cuba. On Monday 22nd October at 7pm President Kennedy addressed the American TV networks (ABC, CBS and NBC) to inform them about the situation in Cuba.
* On the 20th October 1962, President Kennedy decided on a 'quarantine zone'. He thought an invasion of Cuba risked nuclear war. Instead, the blockade would try to stop any Soviet ships from reaching Cuba.
* The USSR initially said that they would not respect the 'quarantine zone'. They said that any action towards their ships would provoke military action.
* If the Soviet and American ships had engaged in any battles or conflict, it could have provoked a nuclear war.
* On the 27th of October 1962, Krushchev and Kennedy compromise. The Soviet Union would not place any missiles on Cuba, if the USA removed its warheads (likely ICBMs) from its army bases in Europe (mainly in Italy and Turkey). This would mean that neither superpower had missiles within range of the opposition's territory.
The end of the Cuban Missile Crisis
* The USA takes missiles out of Europe without telling the public (allowing Kennedy and the American hawks to save face).
* On the 28th of October, Krushchev goes on television, agreeing not to send missiles to Cuba. Soviet ships never crossed the blockade and war was avoided
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Consequences/effects of the Cuban Missile Crisis
* The Cuban Missile Crisis showed that there was no appetite for a war between the USA and USSR. This strengthened the doves' position politically in the USA.
* A 'hotline' connecting the US President and Leader of the Soviet Union was created so that they could communicate immediately during a crisis.
* Relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union remained very strong.
* Brezhnev would go on to visit Cuba in 1974 as the relationship blossomed.
* In August 1963, the Limited Test Ban Treaty was signed by the USA and USSR. Nuclear weapons could no longer be tested above ground.
* The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 agreed not to use nuclear weapons in outer space. This seems like a patch to the 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty. If nations could not test above the surface of the Earth, there was an incentive to test in space.
* In 1968, both countries signed the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty. This stopped the USA and USSR from sharing their nuclear missiles with other nations. People believe that Israel had secured nuclear weapons in 1967.
* Krushchev was removed as the leader of the Soviet Union 2 years later.
* A 'hotline' connecting the US President and Leader of the Soviet Union was created so that they could communicate immediately during a crisis.
* Relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union remained very strong.
* Brezhnev would go on to visit Cuba in 1974 as the relationship blossomed.
* In August 1963, the Limited Test Ban Treaty was signed by the USA and USSR. Nuclear weapons could no longer be tested above ground.
* The Outer Space Treaty of 1967 agreed not to use nuclear weapons in outer space. This seems like a patch to the 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty. If nations could not test above the surface of the Earth, there was an incentive to test in space.
* In 1968, both countries signed the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty. This stopped the USA and USSR from sharing their nuclear missiles with other nations. People believe that Israel had secured nuclear weapons in 1967.
* Krushchev was removed as the leader of the Soviet Union 2 years later.
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The Prague spring
The rise of Dubcek
* Living standards in Czechoslovakia had fallen under Soviet rule (led by Antonin Novotny). This led to growing opposition to communism.
* In January 1968, Alexander Dubcek became the leader of Czechoslovakia.
Dubcek had a good relationship with the Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and supported the Warsaw Pact, but wanted communism to have a ‘human face’, introducing reforms that improved the lives of the Czechoslovakian people.
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Dubcek's reforms
* There were reforms and measures that increased political freedom.
* In April 1968, censorship was relaxed, more criticism of communism was allowed. Other political parties were also permitted.
* The secret police had their powers reduced and arresting and detaining without trial was restricted.
* Some capitalist elements were even allowed in the economy to create a form of “market socialism”.
The response
* But the events horrified many old Czech communists, who thought that the reforms would lead to the collapse of communism.
* Many Czechoslovakians were enthusiastic about the reforms.
* Brezhnev and the East German leader Erich Honecker, were especially concerned. They feared that the Prague Spring would lead to calls for reforms elsewhere in the Soviet Union’s “sphere of influence
Brezhnev's lack of action
* Brezhnev was unsure how to act. He was close to Dubcek and did not want to risk his country’s reputation by going to war.
* So he did nothing.
Re-establishment of Soviet control in Czechoslovakia
* In the early morning of the 21st of August 1968, troops from all the countries in the Warsaw Pact entered Prague and Dubcek was arrested. Dubcek was flown to Moscow.
* Nobody in Czechoslovakia was expecting an invasion, especially their armed troops, who were completely unprepared. Before his arrest, Dubcek urged Czechoslovakians not to resist the invasion with violence.
Czechoslovakia after Dubcek
* Czechoslovakia became a strictly-run Soviet satellite state again, led by Gustav Husak.
* The process of rolling back Dubcek's proposed reforms was called “normalisation”.
* Unlike in Hungary, where Imre Nagy was killed, Dubcek returned to the Czechoslovakian government in a less important position. He lived until the age of 70, dying in 1992.
* Living standards in Czechoslovakia had fallen under Soviet rule (led by Antonin Novotny). This led to growing opposition to communism.
* In January 1968, Alexander Dubcek became the leader of Czechoslovakia.
Dubcek had a good relationship with the Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and supported the Warsaw Pact, but wanted communism to have a ‘human face’, introducing reforms that improved the lives of the Czechoslovakian people.
\
Dubcek's reforms
* There were reforms and measures that increased political freedom.
* In April 1968, censorship was relaxed, more criticism of communism was allowed. Other political parties were also permitted.
* The secret police had their powers reduced and arresting and detaining without trial was restricted.
* Some capitalist elements were even allowed in the economy to create a form of “market socialism”.
The response
* But the events horrified many old Czech communists, who thought that the reforms would lead to the collapse of communism.
* Many Czechoslovakians were enthusiastic about the reforms.
* Brezhnev and the East German leader Erich Honecker, were especially concerned. They feared that the Prague Spring would lead to calls for reforms elsewhere in the Soviet Union’s “sphere of influence
Brezhnev's lack of action
* Brezhnev was unsure how to act. He was close to Dubcek and did not want to risk his country’s reputation by going to war.
* So he did nothing.
Re-establishment of Soviet control in Czechoslovakia
* In the early morning of the 21st of August 1968, troops from all the countries in the Warsaw Pact entered Prague and Dubcek was arrested. Dubcek was flown to Moscow.
* Nobody in Czechoslovakia was expecting an invasion, especially their armed troops, who were completely unprepared. Before his arrest, Dubcek urged Czechoslovakians not to resist the invasion with violence.
Czechoslovakia after Dubcek
* Czechoslovakia became a strictly-run Soviet satellite state again, led by Gustav Husak.
* The process of rolling back Dubcek's proposed reforms was called “normalisation”.
* Unlike in Hungary, where Imre Nagy was killed, Dubcek returned to the Czechoslovakian government in a less important position. He lived until the age of 70, dying in 1992.
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The Brezhnev Doctrine and reactions
* Doctrine is defined as 'a belief or group of beliefs'.
* The Brezhnev Doctrine installed the policy or belief that the Soviet Union would use Warsaw Pact troops to maintain their position of influence in Eastern Europe. Anyone threatening the status quo, proposing reforms, or threatening communism in the Soviet Union's sphere of influence was likely to be invaded.
\
International reaction to the Brezhnev Doctrine
* The Doctrine was condemned by American and Britain, but again the West did not want to go to war over a relatively peaceful invasion within the Soviet Union's sphere of influence. It did not want a nuclear war and was already fighting Communists, with no success in Vietnam.
* However, the Brezhnev Doctrine and the invasion of Czechoslovakia harmed the Soviet Union's brand of communism internationally.
\
Romania, Yugoslavia and China
* Romania (under Nicolae Ceausescu) and Yugoslavia (under Josip Tito) divided the communist world by signing partnerships with China (led by Zhou Xiangyu).
* The Chinese Communist Party and media, who you would have expected to be supported called Brezhnev and Soviet leaders 'a pack of robbers'.
* Communist leaders in France (Waldeck-Rochet) and Italy (Longo) broke off their ties with the Soviet Union.
* No other countries tried to make liberal reforms after the invasions of Hungary and Czechoslovakia.
* Adopting a hard communist line caused problems in Poland, with people protesting against communist rule.
* Mexico, which had previously supported the Soviet Union broke away.
* This was not hugely significant but was a blow for the Soviets. It reflected that using military force to maintain your influence is not a popular strategy.
* The Brezhnev Doctrine installed the policy or belief that the Soviet Union would use Warsaw Pact troops to maintain their position of influence in Eastern Europe. Anyone threatening the status quo, proposing reforms, or threatening communism in the Soviet Union's sphere of influence was likely to be invaded.
\
International reaction to the Brezhnev Doctrine
* The Doctrine was condemned by American and Britain, but again the West did not want to go to war over a relatively peaceful invasion within the Soviet Union's sphere of influence. It did not want a nuclear war and was already fighting Communists, with no success in Vietnam.
* However, the Brezhnev Doctrine and the invasion of Czechoslovakia harmed the Soviet Union's brand of communism internationally.
\
Romania, Yugoslavia and China
* Romania (under Nicolae Ceausescu) and Yugoslavia (under Josip Tito) divided the communist world by signing partnerships with China (led by Zhou Xiangyu).
* The Chinese Communist Party and media, who you would have expected to be supported called Brezhnev and Soviet leaders 'a pack of robbers'.
* Communist leaders in France (Waldeck-Rochet) and Italy (Longo) broke off their ties with the Soviet Union.
* No other countries tried to make liberal reforms after the invasions of Hungary and Czechoslovakia.
* Adopting a hard communist line caused problems in Poland, with people protesting against communist rule.
* Mexico, which had previously supported the Soviet Union broke away.
* This was not hugely significant but was a blow for the Soviets. It reflected that using military force to maintain your influence is not a popular strategy.
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the thaw
Relations between the US and the USSR did begin to thaw in the 1960s and 1970s.
The hotline
* Following the Cuban Missile Crisis, a ‘hotline’ was set up between the White House and the Kremlin.
* It was hoped that this would make communication easier and help avoid conflict in the future.
* Test Ban Treaty
* In 1963, the Test Ban Treaty was signed.
* This was designed to reduce nuclear weapons and end the testing of nuclear weapons.
* Outer Space Treaty
* The Outer Space Treaty formed the foundation of international space law.
* It was signed in 1967.
* The signatories (which included the US and USSR) agreed to not place weapons of mass destruction into space and delimits the use of the Moon to peaceful purposes.
* The Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty
* In 1968, the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons treaty was negotiated by the UN disarmament committee.
* The states agreed to stop growing their nuclear weapons arsenal and eventually disarm.
* The US and USSR signed this treaty in the name of ‘peaceful coexistence’.
The hotline
* Following the Cuban Missile Crisis, a ‘hotline’ was set up between the White House and the Kremlin.
* It was hoped that this would make communication easier and help avoid conflict in the future.
* Test Ban Treaty
* In 1963, the Test Ban Treaty was signed.
* This was designed to reduce nuclear weapons and end the testing of nuclear weapons.
* Outer Space Treaty
* The Outer Space Treaty formed the foundation of international space law.
* It was signed in 1967.
* The signatories (which included the US and USSR) agreed to not place weapons of mass destruction into space and delimits the use of the Moon to peaceful purposes.
* The Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty
* In 1968, the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons treaty was negotiated by the UN disarmament committee.
* The states agreed to stop growing their nuclear weapons arsenal and eventually disarm.
* The US and USSR signed this treaty in the name of ‘peaceful coexistence’.
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reasons for detente
America and the Vietnam War
* Following the Vietnam war, there was a strong pacifist sentiment in the US.
* The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament Movement was also particularly powerful in the US.
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The arms race
* The escalation of arms was costly and both superpowers welcomed an end to this.
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Oil shock
* In 1973, the Organisation of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) announced an embargo on oil.
* This led to a shock in oil prices.
* Both the US and USSR wanted to address domestic economic issues rather than spend GDP on the Cold War.
* Following the Vietnam war, there was a strong pacifist sentiment in the US.
* The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament Movement was also particularly powerful in the US.
\
The arms race
* The escalation of arms was costly and both superpowers welcomed an end to this.
\
Oil shock
* In 1973, the Organisation of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) announced an embargo on oil.
* This led to a shock in oil prices.
* Both the US and USSR wanted to address domestic economic issues rather than spend GDP on the Cold War.
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extent of detente
* Neither the Soviet Union nor the US adhered to the SALT 1 agreement.
* They both maintained their existing levels of conventional weapons.
* The SALT 2 talks were similarly lacking effectiveness. Neither government ratified the SALT 2 agreement.
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The Non-Proliferation Treaty
* The Non-proliferation treaty was not signed or ratified by several countries developing nuclear weapons.
* E.g. China or Israel.
Continued conflict
* The US and USSR were still fighting in proxy wars, e.g. the Arab-Israeli War in 1973.
* Détente was effectively over when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan and the US supported mujahideen fighters.
* They both maintained their existing levels of conventional weapons.
* The SALT 2 talks were similarly lacking effectiveness. Neither government ratified the SALT 2 agreement.
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The Non-Proliferation Treaty
* The Non-proliferation treaty was not signed or ratified by several countries developing nuclear weapons.
* E.g. China or Israel.
Continued conflict
* The US and USSR were still fighting in proxy wars, e.g. the Arab-Israeli War in 1973.
* Détente was effectively over when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan and the US supported mujahideen fighters.
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tension and disagreements during WW2
The majority of politicians and business leaders in Britain and the USA feared communist ideas even more than they disliked Hitler’s Nazi ideas. In the past, both Britain and the USA had helped the enemies of the Communist Party during Russia’s Civil War. This made the Soviet Union wary of the West’s intentions.
● The Soviet Union suffered terribly from the German invasion. It is estimated that 27 million Soviet citizens were killed in the Second World War. Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, wanted the Allies to invade Nazi-controlled Europe in 1941, which would take the pressure off the Soviet Union. But the Allies did not invade until 1944. This delay convinced Stalin that the Allies wanted to see the Soviet Union weakened by fighting for its survival with Germany.
● There were also tensions between the Allies over what should happen to Germany once it had been defeated. The Soviet Union wanted to make sure Germany could never be a threat to it again. Many in the West were more cautious about the effects of harsh reparations.
● Churchill, the British leader, was also suspicious about Stalin’s plans for Eastern Europe after the war. As the Soviet Union’s Red Army advanced on Germany, it took control in Eastern European countries such as Poland, which had been occupied by the Germans. Churchill thought Stalin planned to keep hold of these countries once the war was won
● The Soviet Union suffered terribly from the German invasion. It is estimated that 27 million Soviet citizens were killed in the Second World War. Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, wanted the Allies to invade Nazi-controlled Europe in 1941, which would take the pressure off the Soviet Union. But the Allies did not invade until 1944. This delay convinced Stalin that the Allies wanted to see the Soviet Union weakened by fighting for its survival with Germany.
● There were also tensions between the Allies over what should happen to Germany once it had been defeated. The Soviet Union wanted to make sure Germany could never be a threat to it again. Many in the West were more cautious about the effects of harsh reparations.
● Churchill, the British leader, was also suspicious about Stalin’s plans for Eastern Europe after the war. As the Soviet Union’s Red Army advanced on Germany, it took control in Eastern European countries such as Poland, which had been occupied by the Germans. Churchill thought Stalin planned to keep hold of these countries once the war was won
Note 
Flashcards (33)