anything that has mass and takes up space, made of atoms
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atoms
the smallest unit of matter that can't be broken down (w/o releasing charged subatomic particles)
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solid, liquid, and gas
What are the three forms of matter?
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solid
definite shape and volume, particles are close together and organized, particles vibrate, and the highest density
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liquid
no definite shape but definite volume, particles have some space between them, particles slide past each other middle density
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gas
no definite shape or volume, particles are very spaced out w/ little to no organization, particles are fast moving, the least density
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ions
atoms have a +/- charge
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mass number
protons + neutrons, the weight of atom
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atomic number
the number of protons
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protons, neutrons, and electrons
What are the three charges that make an atom?
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protons
positive charge (+), located in the nucleus, determines which element it is, have about the same weight has neutrons
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neutrons
no charge, located in the nucleus, the change of ______ means the change to the mass number, same elements with different mass (isotope)
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electrons
negative charge (-), no weight, number of electrons change (ions), located in electron cloud (shells)
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2, 8
How many electrons are in the first shell? How many electrons are in all the other shells?
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cation
a positively charged ion
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anion
a negatively charged ion
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element
a substance that can't be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means
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compound
a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
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atomic mass
the weight (protons + neutrons)
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isoptope
an atom that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
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valance shell
number of electrons present in the outermost shell, determines the chemical properties of an atom
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chemical bonds
when two atoms with incomplete outer shells interact (give up, share, and accept electrons), they will both end up with a completed out shell and then the atoms stay close together
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covalent bond
a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule, the strongest bond, between nonmetals (right side of PT)
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valance
bonding capacity of an atom
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molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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electronegativity
measure of its attraction for shared electrons
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non polar covalent bond
equal sharing of electrons, equal electronegativity of two atoms, no charge
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polar covalent bond
a bond when both atoms differ in electronegativity, unequal sharing of electrons, slightly positive and slightly negative
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ionic bond
receiving/losing of an electron, metal with a nonmetal, a large difference in electronegativity, middle bond
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hydrogen bond
must be paired with two polar molecules, function in proteins, properties of water, weakest
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they have slow particles, more stable
What happens to hydrogen bonds in cold temp?
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fast particles, least stable
What happens to hydrogen bonds in high temp?
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solvent
a substance that does the dissolving
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solute
substance that gets dissolved
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solution
solute + solvent
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polar (attracted to each other) and ionic (the charge of the bond)
polar bonds can dissolve what other bonds and why?
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intramolecular
existing or taking place within a molecule (covalent and ionic bonds)
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intermolecular
existing or acting between molecules (hydrogen bond)
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non polar bonds (they have no charge)
What can polar bonds no dissolve?
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surface tension
intermolecular force, a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
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high specific heat
it needs to absorb a lot of energy before its temperature changes
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chemical reactions
breaking existing chemical bonds
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cohesion
the tendency of a molecule to stick together (trees get their nutrients)
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adhesion
clinging of one substance to another
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thermal energy
the energy associated with the random movement of atoms and molecules
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acid
a substance that donates hydrogen ions to solutions
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base
substance that reduces the hydrogen ion
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pH scale
how acidic or basic a solution is
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buffers
organic substances that maintain a constant pH over a given range by neutralizing the effects of hydrogen ions.
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water
What form on Earth has all three matters naturally
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they already have a full outer shell
why don't noble gases form covalent bonds
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metals don't hold onto electrons very well
Why don't metals form covalent bonds
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the ice is less dense than the water, the water is heavier so it displaces the ice
Why can ice float on water even though it's a solid?
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Flashcard (30)