Biology Flashcards: Nutrition, Digestive System, Vitamins, and Enzymes

Flashcards testing biological vocabulary, anatomical terms, dietary vitamins, digestive organs, and biochemical concepts based on the lecture transcript.

Digestive Process Breakdown

The breakdown of carbohydrates into glucose, fats into glycerol and fatty acids, and proteins into amino acids using enzymes and water.

Earthworm Digestive System

The organism in which salivary glands first appeared; features a crop and a stomach with a special fold to increase the surface area for food digestion.

Rumen (Mesqaryn)

The first and largest section of a cow's four-chambered stomach, containing abundant bacteria and unicellular organisms to digest plant cellulose.

Reticulum (Zhumyrshaq)

The second compartment of a ruminant stomach where swallowed food is held for prolonged breakdown by micro-organisms before cud chewing.

Omasum (Qatparshaq)

The third stomach compartment of a cow, consisting of many leaf-like folds where food is fully digested by microbes and water is absorbed into the blood.

Abomasum (Ultabar)

The fourth compartment of a ruminant stomach, filled with gastric juice, serving as the true stomach where proteins and helper micro-organisms are digested.

Tooth Crown

The exposed portion of the tooth protruding above the gum, coated on the outside by enamel.

Enamel (Kireuke)

The hardest tissue in the human body, forming the outer protective layer of the tooth crown.

Dentin

The hard bone-like tissue that makes up the main structural bulk of a tooth, located beneath the enamel layer.

Pulp (Zhumsaq ulpa)

The soft inner layer of a tooth containing blood vessels that deliver nutrients and nerve fibers responsible for sensitivity.

Khalel Dosmukhamedov

A prominent Kazakh scientist and the first professional doctor who paid significant attention to dental hygiene.

Dental Caries

The damage and decay of dentin caused by microbial action when cracks appear in the enamel.

Three Stages of Human Digestion

Physical (mechanical crushing), chemical (digestion via enzyme secretion), and physiological (absorption of nutrients into blood and lymph).

Human Salivary Glands

Three major pairs of glands (parotid, sublingual, submandibular) along with numerous tiny unicellular glands that produce $1.5 - 2\text{ L}$ of saliva daily.

Appendix

A worm-like process about $8 - 9\text{ cm}$ in length located at the lower end of the cecum.

Insulin

An endocrine hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood sugar levels by promoting the conversion of glucose into glycogen.

Glucagon

A pancreatic hormone that increases blood glucose levels by triggering the breakdown of stored glycogen into glucose.

Botulism

A severe form of food poisoning caused by anaerobic bacteria in spoiled fish, canned meat, or vegetables, damaging the nervous system, vision, speech, and swallowing.

Dietetics

The scientific study of proper nutrition and healthy eating.

N. I. Lunin

The Russian doctor who discovered vitamins in the year $1880$.

Daily Vitamin Requirement

The approximate total daily amount of vitamins needed for human body function, which is $180 - 200\text{ mg}$.

Hypovitaminosis

A pathological state resulting from a deficiency or insufficient level of vitamins in the body.

Avitaminosis

A condition caused by the complete, prolonged absence of a specific vitamin in consumed food, leading to metabolic disruptions.

Hypervitaminosis

A condition caused by excessive consumption of vitamins, characterized by symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea, and persistent light spots on the skin.

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

A water-soluble vitamin (daily requirement $60 - 100\text{ mg}$) that boosts immunity; deficiency causes scurvy (cynga), leading to bleeding gums and swelling joints.

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

A water-soluble vitamin (daily requirement $1.5 - 2.5\text{ mg}$); deficiency disrupts carbohydrate metabolism and causes Beriberi disease, marked by body tremors and motor impairment.

Vitamin A (Retinol)

A fat-soluble vitamin (daily requirement $1 - 2\text{ mg}$) vital for night vision and epithelial renewal; deficiency leads to night blindness (nyctalopia).

Carotene

Red and yellow plant pigments found in carrots and sea buckthorn that act as precursors to Vitamin A, converted in the liver and intestinal walls.

Vitamin D (Calciferol)

The 'sun vitamin' synthesized in skin cells exposed to UV light (daily requirement $2.5\text{ mg}$ for adults, $12.5\text{ mg}$ for children); deficiency causes rickets (meshel) in children.

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

A water-soluble vitamin (daily requirement $2 - 2.5\text{ mg}$) essential for CNS function, metabolism, and growth; deficiency causes skin and corneal inflammation.

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

A vitamin synthesized by intestinal microflora (daily requirement $1.5 - 2\text{ mg}$) that regulates protein and fat metabolism and iron utilization; deficiency causes anemia and dermatitis.

Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)

A vitamin required for red blood cell formation and liver regulation (daily requirement $2 - 3\text{ mg}$); deficiency results in pernicious anemia.

Vitamin PP (Niacin / Nicotinic Acid)

A vitamin (daily requirement $15 - 20\text{ mg}$) affecting stomach and bowel functions; severe deficiency causes pellagra, a condition marked by skin scaling and lesions.

Vitamin E (Tocopherol)

A fat-soluble vitamin (daily requirement $10 - 20\text{ mg}$); deficiency causes infertility, muscle dystrophy, and anemia.

Vitamin K (Phylloquinone)

A fat-soluble vitamin synthesized by gut flora (daily requirement $0.2 - 0.3\text{ mg}$); deficiency impairs blood clotting and increases hemorrhage risks.

Catalyst

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed or altered during the process.

Addition Reaction Schema

A general chemical reaction representation written as $A + B \rightarrow AB$.

Decomposition Reaction Schema

A general chemical reaction representation written as $AB \rightarrow A + B$.

Enzymes

Protein-based biological catalysts that drastically speed up metabolic and digestive chemical reactions under normal body conditions.

Human Liver Mass

The mass of the largest gland in the human body, weighing approximately $1.5\text{ kg}$ ($1500\text{ g}$).

Daily Bile Production

The average amount of bile synthesized continuously by human liver cells per day, equal to $700 - 800\text{ g}$.

Bilirubin

The main yellow bile pigment synthesized from broken-down hemoglobin of aged erythrocytes, responsible for coloring bile and feces.

Emulsification

The process where bile breaks large fat globules into tiny droplets in the small intestine, enhancing the surface area for lipase activity.