Anatomy 2 (Skeleton)

Axial Skeleton

Skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs

Cranium

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethnoid

Sutures

Divide pieces of the skull

• Coronal

• Sagittal

• Lambdoid

Bregma

Where coronal and sagittal sutures meet

Lambda

Where sagittal and lambdoid sutures meet

Wormian Bones

Extra bones that form between sutures

Fontanel

Spaces due to incomplete suture lines in babies

Fossae

Interior depressions of the skull

• Anterior

• Middle

• Posterior

Parietal Bone

Side of the skull

• Superior/Inferior Temporal Lines for muscle

Temporal Bone

Surrounds ear

Squamous Portion

Top, thin

• Temporal

Petrous Portion

Bottom, thick

• Temporal

Squamous Suture

Suture around temporal bone

Zygomatic Arch

Cheekbone

• Temporal

Mastoid Process

Behind ear, connects to muscle

• Pneumatized

• Temporal

External and Internal Acoustic Meatuses

Hole for hearing and nerves

• Temporal

Styloid Process

Pen shape

• Temporal

Mandibular Fossa

Joint for the mandible

• Temporal

Carotid Canal

Canal for carotid artery; in front on the jugular foramen

• Temporal

Occipital Bone

Back of the skull

Foramen Magnum

Big hole

• Occipital

External Occipital Protuberance

Bump for muscle attachment

• Occipital

Occipital Condyle

Bumps that connect to C1

• Occipital

Hypoglossal Canal

Canal under occipital condyle for tongue nerve

• Occipital

Inferior and Superior Nuchal Lines

Nuchal ligament attachment

• Occipital

Jugular Foramen

Next to the foramen magnum for nerves and vessels

• Occipital

Frontal Sinus

Air pockets above eye socket

• Frontal

Lacrimal Fossa

For tear glands

• Frontal

Supraorbital Foramen

Opening on top of the socket for nerves

• Frontal

Orbital Surface

Inner surface of eye sockets

• Frontal

Glabella

Smooth surface between brows

• Frontal

Ethmoid

Between frontal bones

Olfactory Foramina

Holes for olfactory nerves on cribiform plate

• Ethmoid

Cribiform Plate

Roof of nasal cavity

• Ethmoid

Crista Galli

Middle of the cribiform plate

Nasal Concha (Middle, Superior)

Superior: Just below the cribiform plate

Middle: Extends down from ethmoid, next to perpendicular plate

Ethmoid Sinuses

Air space between cribiform plate and orbital surface

Sphenoid

Winged bone at the bottom of the cranium

Foramen lacerum

2 jagged holes towards the center

• Sphenoid

Foramen Ovale

2 oval-shaped holes next to the foramen lacerum

• Sphenoid

Foraman Rotundum

Round holes in front of foramen ovale

• Sphenoid

Foramen Spinosum

Small hole behind the foramen ovale

• Sphenoid

Sella Tursica

Saddle shape of sphenoid

Pterygoid Plates

• 2 Medial: Inner plates

• 2 Lateral: Outer plates

• Sphenoid

Sphenoid Sinuses

In front of lesser wing

Superior Orbital Fissures

Between wings

• Spenoid

Inferior Orbital Fissure

Bottom of the eye socket, formed with other orbital bones

• Sphenoid

Optic Canal

Hole through lesser wing

• Sphenoid

Zygomatic Bones

Cheekbones

Infratemporal Fossa

Hole between cheekbone and skull

Lacrimals

2 bones between maxilla and ethmoid

Inferior Nasal Conchae

Extends from lower walls of nasal cavity

Maxilla

2 bones between nose and teeth; upper jaw

Alveolar Process

Ruffled edge for teeth

• Maxilla

Incisive Fossa

Depression behind front teeth on upper palate

• Maxilla

Palatal Process

Front part of hard (upper) palate

• Maxilla

Infraorbital Foramen

Holes below eye sockets

• Maxilla

Maxillary Sinus

Inside of the maxilla

Palantine Bone

Back of the hard (upper) palate

• 2 Vertical parts

• 1 Horizontal part

Vomer

“Plow” shape; inferior nasal septum

Nasal bones

2 bones making the bidge of the nose

Mandible

Bone forming the jaw

Mandibular Notch

U Shape

Mandibular Alveoloar Process

Jagged edge for teeth on the mandible

Mandibular Foramen

Hole in the inside angle of the mandible

Mental Foramen

Holes in the front of the mandible

Submandibular Fossa

Depression on the back of the mandible under the mylohoid line

Mylohoid Line

Ridge on the inside of the mandible for muscle attachment

Mandible Ramus

Angled process of the mandible

Condyloid Process

Head of the mandibular ramus for the joint

Coronoid Process

Traingular projection of the mandibular ramus

Orbital Bones

• Frontal

• Maxillary

• Lacrimal

• Ethmoid

• Palantine

• SPhenoid

• Zygomatic

Paranasal Sinus Function

• Warm air

• Lighten skull

• Produce mucous

• Resonate sound

Cervical Spine

7 vertebrae in the neck

• Convex

Thoracic Spine

12 vertebrae in the back

• Concave

Lumar Spine

5 vertebrae in the lower back

• Convex

Sacral Spine

5 fused vertebrae connecting to the pelvis

• Concave

Kyphosis

Extreme concavity

• Breathing issues

Lumbardosis

Extreme convexity

Vertebral Body

Thick cylinder

Pedicle

Connects the vertebral body to the arch/articular processes

Lamina

Connects the pedicles together to form the arch

Transverse Articular Processes

Bony projections on the arch of the vertebrae extending to the side

Superior Articular Processes

Bony projections on the arch of the vertebrae extending upward

Inferior Articular Processes

Bony projections on the arch of the vertebrae extending downward

Spinous Articular Process

Bony projection on the arch of the vertebrae extending outward anterioirally

Vertebral Facets

Joints between the vertebrae on the superior and inferior articular processes

Intervertebral Disks

Fibrocartilage disks to absorb shock

Nucleus Pulposus

Jelly substance in disks

• Surrounded by a fibrotic ring that can cause herniated disks if it tears

Intervertebral Foramen

Hole formed by 2 adjacent vertebrae

Vertebral Foramen

Hole formed by body, arch, and lamina of vertebrae