AP Human Geo Unit 2 Vocab

Arithmetic Population Density

calculated by dividing a region’s population by its total area, most commonly used, says little about population density

Physiological Population Density

calculated by dividing the population by the amount of arable land

Agricultural Population Density

compares number of farmers to area of arable land, indicates efficiency of farmers

Carrying Capacity

the number of people a region can support without damaging the environment

Overpopulation

having more people than a region can support

Population Pyramid

one of the most useful tools when studying population, based only off age and gender

Cohorts

age groups shown on the vertical axis of a population pyramid

Demographic Balancing Equation

future population = current population + (number of births - number of deaths) + (number of immigrants - number of emigrants), used to describe future population of a place

Immigrants

people who move into a country

Emigrants

people who move out of a country

Crude Birth Rate

number of live births each year for each 1,000 people

Total Fertility Rate

average number of children born by women ages 15-49 in a country

Life Expectancy

average number of years people live

Infant Mortality Rate

number of children who die before their first birthday

Crude Death Rate

number of deaths per 1,000 people (i think)

Rate of Natural Increase

percentage at which a country’s population is growing/declining without the impact of migration

Population Doubling Time

time something takes to double in size, estimated using rule of 70 (70 / growth rate per year)

Malthusian Theory

views that society was on path to massive starvation, connected to ideas on population growth

Boserup Theory

suggested that the more people there are, the more hands there are to work, rather than the more mouths there are to feed

Antinatalist Policies

attempt to decrease the number of births in a country (“later, longer, fewer”, one-child policy)

Pronatalist Policies

programs designed to increase fertility rates (paid time off for moms, free childcare, fam discounts on gov’t services)

Gravity Model of Migration

model assumes that the size and distance between two cities/countries will influence the amount of interactions between the two

Step Migration

a process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves

Rural to Urban Migration

moving from rural agricultural areas to urban city areas

Counter Migration

each migration flow produces a movement in the other direction

Internally Displaced Persons

if migrants move to another part of the same country, intending to go back to their original location (like after a natural disaster)

Refugees

if people cross the border after fleeing their country (like during/because of a natural disaster)

Asylum

protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country with legit fear of harm of death if they return to their home country

Brain Drain

when migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people

Ethnic Enclaves

neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group