apush period 4 pt2

Erie Canal

a man-made waterway completed in 1825 that connected the Atlantic coast (via the Hudson River) to the Great Lakes, creating a major transportation route for goods

American System

an economic plan proposed by Henry Clay that aimed to foster a national market by using three key components: a national bank, protective tariffs to help American industry, and federal funding for internal improvements like roads and canals to improve transportation

Tariff of Abominations

a high protective tariff passed in 1828 that significantly raised taxes on imported goods to protect Northern industries from foreign competition

Second Bank of the United States

a federally chartered central bank, established in 1816 to stabilize the American economy after the War of 1812

Panic of 1837

a severe economic depression in the U.S. caused by rampant land speculation, Jackson's banking policies (especially the veto of the Second Bank of the U.S. and the Specie Circular), and a downturn in British credit

Cotton Gin

a machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 that quickly and efficiently separated cotton fibers from their seeds

Lowell System

a 19th-century American textile factory system that, for a time, hired young, unmarried women from New England farms to work in mills

Transportation Revolution

a period in the early 1800s that saw the development of new and faster ways to travel and transport goods, including turnpikes, canals, steamboats, and railroads

Interchangeable Parts

identical components that are made to precise specifications so they can be easily substituted for one another without custom fitting

War of 1812

a conflict between the U.S. and Great Britain primarily over maritime issues like impressment of American sailors and trade restrictions, along with British support for Native American resistance

Treaty of Ghent

the 1814 peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain

Battle of New Orleans

a major American victory in the War of 1812, led by Andrew Jackson, which occurred in January 1815 after the Treaty of Ghent had already ended the war

Embargo Act of 1807

a U.S. law that banned American ships from trading with all foreign ports, primarily Britain and France, during the Napoleonic Wars

Impressment

the act of forcing people, particularly American sailors, into military service, most often the British navy, without their consent

Hartford Convention

a meeting of Federalist Party leaders from New England in late 1814 who opposed the War of 1812

Second Great Awakening

a Protestant religious revival movement in the early 19th century characterized by emotional preaching, a focus on personal salvation, and increased church membership

Transcendentalism

a 19th-century American philosophical and literary movement that emphasized the inherent goodness of people and nature, and the importance of individual intuition and self-reliance over tradition and organized religion

Seneca Falls Convention

the first women's rights convention in the U.S. in 1848, which launched the organized women's suffrage movement

Temperance Movement

a social reform movement in the United States, primarily from the 1820s to early 1900s, that advocated for the reduction or elimination of alcoholic beverages

Abolitionism

a pre-Civil War movement to end slavery, advocating for the freedom of all enslaved people and the promotion of equal rights for African Americans

Underground Railroad

a secret network of abolitionists who helped enslaved people escape to freedom by providing safe houses ("stations") and routes to the North or Canada

American Colonization Society

an organization founded in 1816 to support the migration of free African Americans and emancipated slaves to a colony in West Africa

Cult of Domesticity

a 19th-century ideology that defined the role of middle- and upper-class women as being confined to the private sphere of the home, focused on piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity

Hudson River School

a mid-19th-century American art movement of landscape painters, led by figures like Thomas Cole and Asher B. Durand, who sought to capture the beauty and grandeur of the American landscape, particularly in the Hudson River Valley

Utopian Communities

intentional societies created in the 19th century to experiment with creating an ideal, "perfect" society based on principles like communal living, equality, and social reform