Kinetics, Stoichiometry, and Organic Chemistry Review

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering chemical kinetics, isotopic structure, stoichiometry, organic functional groups, and acid-base chemistry based on the lecture notes.

Collision theory

The principle that species react as a result of collisions of sufficient energy and proper orientation.

Activation energy ($E_a$)

The minimum energy that colliding molecules need in order to have successful collisions leading to a reaction.

Catalyst

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by decreasing $E_a$ without itself being permanently chemically changed.

Isotopes

Different forms of atoms with the same protons but different neutrons, resulting in different whole number mass numbers.

Relative atomic mass

The weighted average of all the isotopes of an atom, which is typically not a whole number.

Moles (Avogadro’s constant)

A value defined as $6.02 \times 10^{23}$.

Relative molecular mass

The sum of the relative atomic masses of the atoms in a molecule.

Chemical formulae

The mole ratios of the constituent elements in a compound.

Moles calculation formula

The equation $n = \frac{m}{M}$, where moles are calculated from mass and molar mass.

Concentration of a solution

The amount defined as moles of a substance per litre, calculated using the formula $C = \frac{n}{v}$.

Standard solution

A solution that has a known concentration.

Homologous series

A ‘family’ of similar compounds with similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group, where members differ by a $CH_2$ group.

Structural isomerism

The occurrence of compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.

Alkanes

Generally unreactive hydrocarbons (except in terms of burning) that are saturated and described as a homologous series.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons such as alkenes that contain a double bond, making them reactive in addition reactions with bromine.

Complete vs. Incomplete combustion

The chemical reactions of hydrocarbon fuels that produce different products depending on the oxygen supply.

Alkali

A specific classification of a base that is soluble in water.

pH scale

A scale used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of different substances, often tested using indicators.

Strong and weak acids

Terms used to describe the strength of acids, distinct from the terms concentrated and dilute which refer to the amount of solute in a volume.