APSC101 Final Exam Review

Clear

Unambiguous

Easy to follow

(define jargon)

Complete

Includes all relevant info

Clearly conveys PURPOSE (based on audience; what they should do)

Concrete

Specific (contains all info; focuses on evidence; justification)

Clear in its main point (won't be misunderstood)

Overlaps with clear and complete

Making something more concrete will make it more clear and complete

Correct

Factually accurate

Grammar

Formatting

Concise

To the point

Good use of time

Corteous

Acting with GENERAL respect for the audience

1) Polite, friendly, respectful

2) Sincere and genuine

Please, thank you, etc.

Considerate

Takes SPECIFIC audience's perspective and needs into account

1) Empathetic, mindful, positive

2) Emphasis on what is possible

Spatial scale

SIZE

How large each option is

Temporal scale

TIME

Organizational scale

Organizational structures (such as government)

From local/municipal to international

Define stakeholder

Anyone who is influenced BY the project or CAN influence the project

What is the primary purpose of prototypes

reduce risk

When does a stakeholder have power

Has the ability to influence the project

- Decision-making authority

- Expertise

- Financial or resource contribution

When does a stakeholder have urgency

Has important or time-sensitive needs in the project

When does a stakeholder have legitimacy

Has a right to have a say in the project

- Directly impacted

- Legally entitled to give input

Bearable

environment

society

Viable

environment

economy

Equitable

economy

society

Define sustainability

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

the capacity of human society to continue indefinitely within the Earth's natural cycles

When must PPE be worn

At all times in studio with hand tools

Aviation Snips or Shears

- Two styles for cutting different sides

- Do NOT cut wires (needle nose pliers instead)

- Can make curved cuts (waves and circles)

Seamer

- Make clean bends (seams)

Nibbler

- Good to make slots

Hole Punch

- Easier to use holding it upside down

- If stuck, pull apart rapidly

Pop Riveter

- To hold 2 sheets together PERMANENTLY

- Make sure the mandrel (long pin of used pop rivet) is pulled out before using the tool again

Define risk

Risk = Severity x Likelihood

Controlled risk sources

Preventable: within ability to minimize and control

Strategic: taken for the possibility of greater reward

Uncontrolled risk sources

External Risks: outside of control, but still MUST be considered

Risk categories - Safety

Health and welfare of people and the environment

Risk categories - Technical

Design and manufacturing that prevent the device from working as intended

Risk categories - Project management

Completing project on time and on-budget

Risk categories - Operational

Decision-making and operation of the organization or device

Risk classification table

Horizontal: External, Preventable, Strategic

Vertical: Safety, Technical, Project Management, Operational

*cannot have strategic safety

Risk matrix

Vertical: Likelihood, Horizontal: Severity, with ratings starting at 1

Low risk response

Requires NO ACTION

Medium risk response

Might require MONITORING or SOME ACTION

High risk reponse

Must implement RISK REDUCTION MEASURES

Extreme risk response

UNACCEPTABLE; must be ADDRESSED IMMEDIATELY

Risk management strategies - Avoid

Change what you're doing to remove the risk entirely

Risk management strategies - Mitigate

Minimize the LIKELIHOOD or SEVERITY

Risk management strategies - Transfer

Pass risk to someone else (i.e. insurance)

Risk management strategies - Accept

For minor and strategic risks (not safety!)

Risk analysis - identify

Consider all possible risks in a classification table

Risk analysis - conduct

Examine SEVERITY and LIKELIHOOD of EACH risk using a risk matrix

Risk analysis - acceptable?

If YES: proceed to monitor and manage risk still

If NO: reduction?

Risk analysis - reducable?

If NO: discontinue

If YES: reduce the risk, and return to identify

Risk register

Record risks, their respective severities and likelihoods, rating, action taken and who's responsible for the risk

Risk

Possibility of harm, consequences or damage

Hazard

Capacity of equipment, material or processes to cause harm

Control hierarchy for safety hazards

1) PPE - Protect people from the hazard

2) Administrative Controls - Change how people work and behave around the hazard

3) Engineering Controls - Prevent people from being exposed to the hazard

4) Substitution - Replace hazard with something safer

5) Elimination - Remove hazard entirely

Team development stages

1) Forming

2) Storming

3) Norming

4) Performing

Conflict management strategies - avoiding

If stepping away will help DEESCALATE

Conflict management strategies - Acommodating

Issue not crucial to you; earns you goodwill

Conflict management strategies - Competing

Issue is critical to you (immediate action)

Conflict management strategies - Compromising

Time is short; balance team relationships and resolve issue

Conflict management strategies - Collaborating

Have time to tackle the issue in full; work towards finding the IDEAL SOLUTION for everyone

Isometric projection properties

View from one corner, horizontal axes rise at 30° and everything is equally spaced out

Orthographic projection properties

Views normal to the different faces

• Doesn't show inside, back, bottom, or other end - use HIDDEN LINES (dashes) to combat this and circular feature identifies (long-short-long dashes = center lines)

Third angle projection

Imagine folding the 6 orthographic views from a 2D SHEET into a 3D BOX

Standard in North America

Symbol depicts a truncated cone

Engineering drawing title blocks (7)

- Drawing name

- Drawing number

- Revision number (or letter)

- Drawing scale

- Who drew it and who checked it

- Units and precision

- Type of projection

Engineering drawing dimensioning

Extension lines CAN cross (do not touch object)

Dimension lines CANNOT cross

- Do not place inside the object

- Place between views, if possible

- Arrows can go inwards or outwards

DO NOT show redundant dimensions

Dimension visible features than hidden features, if possible

Φ refers to DIAMETER

Types of feedback in the workplace

1) Appreciation - Acknowledge a job well done

2) Coaching - Help someone improve

3) Evaluation - Rate someone's performance against standards

3x3 feedback model

Sender Message Receiver

Clear Concrete Clear

Courteous Complete Courteous

Considerate Considerate Complete

Message (3x3 feedback)

Concrete - Objective, non-judgmental

Complete - Includes observable details (evidence), impacts, suggestions for improvement

Considerate - Empathetic, relevant, focus on what's possible

Sender (3x3 feedback)

Clear - Spoken language and body language should be easy to follow, consistent, unambiguous

Courteous - Tone, message and body language should remain polite and respectful

Considerate - Keep receiver in mind when choosing TIME and METHOD of feedback

Receiver (3x3 feedback)

Clear - Spoken language and body language should be easy to follow, consistent, unambiguous

Courteous - Tone, message and body language should remain polite and respectful

Complete - Acknowledge receiving the feedback, ask for clarification or suggestions (if appropriate)

Equity

Being fair and giving all people the same opportunity

Equality

Treating all people the same

Define diversity

Recognizing and valuing the unique background/ identity/ experiences/ points of views of different people, benefits team performance

Inclusion

Addressing inequities between diverse people to build a respectful and welcoming community

Where does bias come from

Lived experiences

- Media

- Culture and environment

- Family and peers

Implicit bias

Our own, subconscious attitudes and stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions and decisions

Stereotype threat

People can worry about inadvertently confirming the stereotype they think applies to them

Can increase anxiety and self-doubt (performance declines)

Microaggressions

Brief and commonplace statements and actions that seem small but communicate hostile, derogatory or negative slights to specific groups

Barriers to proceed from norming to performing

Bias, Microaggressions, Stereotype threat

Can be combatted reduce inequities and bias by welcoming diverse input, fostering trust and inclusion and practicing allyship

Allyship

Taking actions to support those who might otherwise feel excluded

Reactive allyship

Responding to defend someone when you observe unfair or unequal treatment

Proactive allyship

Engaging in actions on an ongoing basis to make underrepresented or otherwise marginalized individuals feel more included and respected

Characteristics of effective teams (5)

1) Dependability

2) Structure and clarity

3) Meaning

4) Impact

5) Psychological Safety

Challenges for small and remote communities to access clean water

- Difficult to supply chemicals and supplies

- Retaining skilled operators

- Source water quality is poorer

- Economies of scale

Smaller systems cost MORE PER VOLUME of treated water compared to larger systems

Advantages of centralized water system

Advantages

- Easier to maintain one large plant

- Easier to monitor

- Cost per volume is lower

Disadvantages of centralized water system

- A LOT of distribution infrastructure needed (piping) which is difficult and expensive to maintain

- Difficult to adjust the capacity of a growing megacity

Semi-decentralized water system

Greater number of smaller plants

Types of decentralized water systems

Point of entry system

- Treatment for each BUILDING

Point of use system

- Treatment for each BUSINESS or HOUSEHOLD

Assessing for sustainability

About adding POSITIVE CONTRIBUTIONS, not mitigating adverse effects

Goes beyond environmental assesment

Life cycle thinking chart

Considers product or process through ALL LIFE STAGES

Recovery refers to recovering raw material or energy

Reuse, recovery and recycling all lessen the demand on extracting natural resources and divert waste from incineration and landfilling.

Systems thinking

Considers how product or process interacts with other elements that together form a system

Sustainability is a property of a system

LCA vs SLCA

LCA

- Quantitative

- Rigorous and structured

- Involved and time-consuming

- Only available very late in the design process

SLCA

- Qualitative

- Simple, fast and inexpensive

- Suitable for use early in the design process

Reveals approx. 80% of environmental issues identified by a full LCA

Functional unit

quantified performance of a product system for use as a reference unit

ONLY CARE ABOUT PERFORMANCE METRIC!

Ignore everything else

Describe stages of an LCA

1) Goal definition and scope

- Outline SYSTEM BOUNDARY

2) Inventory analysis

- Tracking ALL material and energy flows in and out of the system boundary (detailed and time-consuming)

3) Impact assessment

- Look at impacts of EACH material and energy flow (through established environmental impact metrics)

4) Interpretation

- Distill impacts according to KEY life cycle stages or other areas of concern

- Use this info to IMPROVE design and ultimately REDUCE negative impacts

Describe SLCA matrix

Consider:

- Resources used

- Waste generated

- Energy used

- Public health

All of the above considered for EACH of:

- Raw materials

- Production

- Distribution

- Use

- End of life

Environmentally Responsible Product Rating

Shorthand: R_(ERP)

Sum of all ratings in the SLCA matrix

Higher is better

Can be used to:

- See areas of GREATEST NEGATIVE IMPACT and hence GREATEST POTENTIAL FOR IMPROVEMENT

- Compare different options in terms of performance (like a WDM)

Define appropriate technology

Design solution considers ALL KEY STAKEHOLDERS across ALL LIFE CYCLE STAGES for that solution

Solution is appropriate for the CONTEXT

Attributes of Appropriate Technology

1) Suitable for the SOCIAL and ECONOMIC CONTEXT of the region in which it is to be applied

2) ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND (local natural resource use, waste and pollution)

3) Locally ACCEPTED and ADAPTED (locals involved in ADOPTION, IMPLEMENTATION and OPERATION

Considers SOCIAL, ECONOMIC and ENVIRONMENTAL constraints

Involving design FOR and design WITH the community

Build relationships and trust with the community

Engage --> Synthesize --> Learn

Involving community through ALL stages of the design process

Bottom-up approach

Resilient systems

Ability for a system to continue functioning when there is a change or disturbance

Complex systems tend to be more resilient than simple and complicated systems because complex systems have more interactions and feedback between the system elements

Simple and complicated systems are both deterministic (predictable)

"Simple, passive, and flexible" go together and are contrasted with "Complicated, active, and inflexible."

It is better if you do not need someone or something to constantly monitor and adjust the system

Imagine food cycle for comparison

Business letter layout

1" to 1 1/4" margins (default Word margins)

Block format (flush left; ragged right)

11-12 font size (use Times New Roman; avoid novelty fonts)

Blank line between each paragraph

NO INDENTING for paragraphs

Business letter elements

1) Sender's address

2) Date (written in full)

3) Inside (receiver's) address

- Title should be included with name

4) Salutation (ends with colon : NOT comma ,)

Body

5) Introduction and purpose

- Friendly greeting, outlines purpose

6) Details

- 1 or more paragraphs of supporting details

7) Concluding paragraph

- Restates purpose and requests some action

8) Closing (ends with comma ,)

- Sincerely, Thank you, Best regards,

- Leave a few blank lines for your signature

9) Name (in full) and title or credentials (if applicable)

Business letter example

100-2775 Fake Street

Vancouver, BC V1A 2B3

February 5, 2018

Ms. First Last, Director

Consulate General of Madeupistan

Suite 100-510 West Somewhere Street

Vancouver, BC V4C 5D6

Dear Ms. Last:

Introduction and purpose

Details

Concluding paragraph

Sincerely,

Pat Person, P.Eng.

Common variations to business letter elements

1) Letterhead

- Replaces Sender's Address

2) Receiver's address

- If title of person is long, list it below their name instead of next to their name

3) BOLDED Reference line starting with Re:

- Application #

- Order #

- Job posting code

4) Enclosure

In the body:

For your reference, I have enclosed a copy of my application and the invitation letter from the City of Someplace.

After the end of usual letter:

Enclosures:

1. Copy of original application

2. Invitation letter from the City of Someplace

5) Carbon copy or complimentary copy

At the end after enclosures (if applicable)

cc: Ms. First Last, Director

Impactful business letters

Use formal language (avoid contractions)

Emphasize the positive!

- Focus on what you CAN DO vs what you CANNOT

- Avoid negative words

- Place positive message prominently