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Affirmative Action
A set of policies designed to help organizations recruit and promote employees who are members of disadvantaged groups
Bureaucracy
Public agencies and the programs and services they implement and manage
Bureaucrats
Employees of public agencies
Collective Bargaining
A process in which representatives of labor and management meet to negotiate pay and benefits, job responsibilities, and working conditions
Contracting Out
Government hiring of private or nonprofit organizations to deliver public goods or services
Merit System
A system used in public agencies in which employment and promotions are based on qualifications and demonstrated ability; such a system blends very well with the organizational characteristics of bureaucracy
Neutral Competence
The idea that public agencies should be the impartial implementers of democratic decisions
Patronage
The process of giving government jobs to partisan loyalists
Policy Implementation
The process of translating the express wishes of government into action
Professionalization
The rewarding of jobs in a bureaucratic agency based on applicants' specific qualifications and merit
Representative Bureaucracy
The idea that public agencies that reflect the diversity of the communities they serve will be more effective
Rulemaking
The process of translating laws into written instructions on what public agencies will or will not do
Seniority
The length of time a worker has spent in a position
Spoils System
A system under which an electoral winner has the right to decide who works for public agencies.
Street-level Bureaucrat
A lower-level public agency employee who actually takes the actions outlined in law or policy
