Anatomy exam2

distally

things move in the —— direction

peristalsis

a series of involuntary, wave-like contractions of the muscles in the digestive tract that propel food and other substances along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Moves food forward distally

segmentation

digestive process that involves the contraction and relaxation of intestinal muscles to mix food with digestive juices. Sloshing meant for nutrient absorption

mechanoreceptors

stretch receptors and tension receptor in the stomach that tell you when things get distended

chemical digestion

digestion with enzymes

mechanical digestion

churning that occurs with peristalsis and segmentation

peritoneum

A serous membrane Found below the diaphragm

mesentery

Now considered an organ, it is a fold of tissue that
delivers and retrieves the blood, lymph, and nervous innervation for the intestines

hepatic portal circulation

function is to deliver blood from the intestines through the liver for processing

layers of the gi tract

Mucosa, submucosa, Muscularis externa(inner circular, outer layer is longitudinal), Serosa

Peyers pouches

What does the submucosa of the ileum contain?

peristalsis and segmentation

What is the function of the muscularis externa?

amylase

What do salivary glands secret

enamel

what part of the tooth bears the force of chewing

hiatal hernia

Stomach moving up through hiatus to the thoracic cavity

rugae

Folds to allow stretching. Located inside the stomach

Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus

what are the regions of the stomach

mucosa of the stomach

An alkaline mucus layer along the surface, protects the mucosa. Protects the stomach from autodigestion

pyloric sphincter

regulated gastric emptying

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

What are the divisions of the small intestine?

small intestine

Where does the majority of digestion and absorption occur?

liver

Produce bile, detoxify substances absorbed from GI

portal triad

Hepatic artery, Portal vein, Bile duct

hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver. Caused by Virus, alcohol, etc.

cirrhosis

scaring of the liver usually caused by excessive alcohol

bile

emulsify fats for absorption

gallbladder

stores bile

Cholecystokinin- CCK

stimulates gallbladder for contraction

pancreas

Digestive enzymes and bicarbonate secretion

acini

secrete pancreatic exocrine cells, bicarbonate

ileocecal valve

marks entry into the large intestine

large intestine

reabsorption of water storage of feces

visceral peritoneum

touches organs and keeps them moist. Holds organs and their fluids in place

parietal peritoneum

lines body walls

SAD PUCKER

retroperitoneal structures

lumen

surrounded by mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

goblet cells

makes mucus

muscularis externa

responsible for segmentation and peristalsis

sympathetic nervous system

inhibit digestive activities

parasympathetic nervous system

stimulate digestion

stratified squamous epithelium

oral (buccal) cavity lined with —-

labial frenulum

median attachment of each lip[ to gum (smiley piercing). Tongue to floor of mouth

hard palate

a horizontal bony plate that forms a subsection of the palate of the mouth

soft palate

formed by mostly skeletal muscle, closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing

filiform

whitish gives the tongue roughness and provides friction. Does not contain tastebuds

fungiform

reddish scattered over tongue; contain taste buds

circumvallate

v shaped row in back of tongue; contain taste buds

foliate

only in infants and toddlers on lateral aspects of posterior tongue; contain taste buds that function primarily in infants and children

lingual lipase

Secreted by serous cells beneath foliate and
vallate papillae
• Fat-digesting enzyme functional in stomach

parotoid

salivary gland near ears in cheeks

submandibular

salivary gland under mandible

sublingual

salivary gland under tongue

mumps

inflammation of parotid glands

pulp

connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves of tooth

stratified squamous epithelium

what cells line the pharnyx

gastroesophageal sphincter

weakest sphincter, good to empty stomach in an emergency

heartburn

epigrastric pain, normal EKG and blood tests, smoking, obesity, alcohol

Barrett esophagus

a condition where the lining of the lower esophagus changes from squamous (flat) cells to columnar (intestinal-like) cells. This change is caused by chronic exposure to stomach acid, which can damage the esophageal lining.

simple columnar

esophagus tissue changes to what once it reaches the stomach

pyloric sphincter

valve controlling stomach emptying

pyloric part

The part of the stomach that connects to the duodenum (first part of the small intestine). Distal end of the stomach

longitudinal stomach muscle

a layer of smooth muscle fibers that runs along the length of the stomach. It's the outermost layer of the stomach's muscularis externa. Runs parallel to the length of the stomach (up and down)

circular stomach muscle

second layer runs in a completely circular direction around the opening of the stomach, essentially acting like a valve to control the flow of food into the small intestine; meaning its fibers go all the way around the opening, contracting to close it and relax to open it.

oblique stomach muscle

bottom layer, runs diagonally across the stomach

parietal cells

secretes HCL and intrinsic factor

hydrochloric acid (HCL)

pH 1.5–3.5 denatures protein, activates pepsin,
breaks down plant cell walls, kills many bacteria

intrisic factor

Glycoprotein required for absorption of vitamin B12 in

small intestine

chief cells

secretes pepsinogen and lipases

pepsinogen

inactive enzyme Activated to pepsin by HCl and by pepsin itself (a

positive feedback mechanism)

somatostatin

stops digestive system

gastrin

starts digestive system (go signal)

peptic or gastric ulcers

caused by helicobacter pylori bacteria, and nsaids. Erosion of stomach walls

gastritis

Inflammation caused by anything that breaches
mucosal barrier of stomach

tendons

bone to muscle

ligaments

bone to bone or muscle to muscle

sarcoplasmic reticulum

ca2+ storage

gluteus maximus

largest muscle

sartorius

longest muscle

masseter

strongest muscle

movement, organ control, posture, support, guard, body temp

muscle functions

skeletal muscle

striated, voluntary, multinucleated, attached to skeleton

cardiac muscle

branched fibers, intercalated discs involuntary

smooth/ visceral muscle

spindle shaped, involuntary, found around hollow organs (arteries esophagus stomach

contractility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity

muscle characteristics

muscle tissue, connective tissues, nervous tissues, blood

muscle is an organ comprised of

superficial fascia

fibrous connective tissue surrounding and separating each muscle

epimysium

Tough outer coat of   connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle

perimysium

Several sheathed muscle fibers wrapped in a coarse membrane

endomysium

A delicate connective sheath around a single muscle fiber

sarcolemma

plasma membrane of a muscle cell

sarcoplasm

the cytoplasm membrane of a muscle cell

myofibrils

protein filaments that contract and relax muscles. They are made up of thick and thin filaments that slide past each other to cause muscles to shorten

fascicles

a bundle of muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium

myosin

thick filaments

actin

thin filaments

tropomyosin and troponin

proteins in muscle cells that work together to regulate muscle contraction

sarcomeres

Sarcomeres- is the basic unit of striated muscle tissue- extends from one Z line to the next.  Made of overlying thick and thin filaments.

I band

light bands made up of actin filaments are anchored to Z lines.

A bands

Dark bands made up of overlapping thick and thin filaments.