arch history 1

ancient egypt yrs

3100 bc - 300 ad

ancient egypt kingdoms

old, middle, new

in which ancient egypt kingdom were the pyramids built, and years

old, and a little bit in middle

2600 bc - 1800 bc

what is a mastaba

the original egyptian funerary structure: one-story tall with a flat roof. later, mastabas stacked on top of each other created the stepped pyramids, and finally the famous pyramids as we know them

what is this and who’s the architect

pyramid of djoser, built by imhotep

what, where, when

hypostyle hall of the karnak temple complex

in egypt

1294 bc - 1213 bc

what, where, when, what happened to it

the temple of ramses II

also known as the great temple of abu simbel

egypt

1264 bc

it was going to be submerged in water by a dam, so in the 1960s the whole complex was relocated piece by piece

what, when

mortuary temple of hatshepsut (a woman)

in the new kingdom

specifics of egyptian art

extremely static for all of its millennia (for one exception)

composite view - a method of drawing or carving the human body from different angles at the same time

idealised, very religious-based

what is the exception for the static ancient egyptian art; what were its specifics, under who did it happen, and why

amarna style

much rounder figures; not as idealised; showed emotion, even affection

under the rule of Pharaoh Akhenaten

religious shift toward worshiping the sun disk, Aten

which style is this, and who does it portray, who made it

first ever artwork with such realism, provoked by the amarna period, and categorised as an amarna style piece

queen nefertiti (akhenaten’s wife)

by philip pikart

upper and lower egypt, where and why

upper egypt is in the south (where the river nile came from)

lower egypt is in the north (where nile went into the sea)

what, which architecture, where, when

ziggurat of ur // tell el-muqayyar // dhi qar province

(trapezoid pyramid)

mesopotamian architecture

iraq

21st century bc (2200s bc)

origin of the word ziggurat; tell me about that a little

of sumerian origin

the sumarians were one of the 2 nations in euroasia to invent language, alongside the chinese

what, where was it, where is it now

ishtar gate

originally in babylon

now in berlin

where did the bronze age of europe start, who came first, what was their attitude

in crete; started by the minoans (a piece-loving nation)

what, whose was it, characteristics

knosses palace // minos palace

the minoans

maze-looking plan

red-columns that expand upwards

which civilization came after the minoans, what were they like

then came the myceneans (a war nation)

what, whats the specifics of this

tomb of agamemnon // treasury of atreus

the myceneans didn’t have a falsework to create real arches, so they used the corbel arch, the triangular thing on top

what and when and why is the brozne age collapse

almost no new architecture or art pieces

1300 bc - 700 bc

due to a destructive "perfect storm" of interconnected catastrophes, severe droughts, an earthquake storm, and devastating migrations by the Sea Peoples. this ruined global trade routes and collapsed major powers like the mycenaean and hittite empires

which rivers become what in the mesopotamian, egyptian region

tigris, euphrates, and nile → the fertile crescent

ancient greek periods

archaic, classical, helinistic

what, where, which period

tha acropolis; entire rocky hill and ancient citadel complex

athens

classical

what, where, architect, sculptor

the parthenon

in the acropolis in athens

architect: iktinas

sculptor: phidias, most important sculptor of the classical period

propylon

gateway

agora

public square

colonnades // stoa

a freestanding, covered walkway or portico in ancient Greek architecture featuring an open front with columns supporting a roof

what, where

stoa of attalos in athens

now a museum

bouleuterion

town council building

what, where

bouleuterion of ephesus, near agora

mausoleum

monumental tombs

what, where

mausoleum of halicarnassus

in bodrum, turkey

what is this, by who, when

map of old piraeus // le pirée

urban/city planning for the first time ever

by hippodamus of miletus

470 bc

what is this, where is it, what is specific abt it

erechtheion

on the acropolis in athens

the caryatids, which are columns in the shape of female statues

what, when

tholos of delphi

380 bc - 360 bc

delphi was an oracle, that is what the town is known for

what, where, when

tower of winds

athens

1 century bc

ancient greek orders

doric, ionic, corinthian

which order is this, name as many parts as possible

doric order

which order is this, name as many parts as possible

ionic order

which order is this, name as many parts as possible

corinthian order

tympanum // pediment // gable

decorative wall surface over an entrance, door, or window, framed by a lintel and an arch or pediment

rosettes (flowers)

etruscan // tuscan order

one of the two roman orders

refined doric

composite order

one of the two roman orders

ionic n corinthian had a baby

the leaves from corinthian and the twirls from ionic

entasis

architectural term for a slight convex curve applied to a column, making it bulge outward before narrowing again after about 1/3 of its height

found in the classical orders

etrsucans

main civilization in italy before the romans came and took over

tuscany gets its name from them

etruscan architecture: years, characteristics, bit of history

900 bc - 27 bc

considerable builders in stone, wood and other materials of temples, houses, tombs and city walls, as well as bridges and roads

from about 630 bc, etruscan architecture was heavily influenced by greek architecture, which was itself developing through the same period.

in turn it influenced roman architecture, which in its early centuries can be considered as just a regional variation of etruscan architecture.

but increasingly, from about 200 bc, the romans looked directly to greece for their styling, while sometimes retaining etruscan shapes and purposes in their buildings.

tomb of the reliefs at banditaccia necropolis, cerveteri

details:

this is the best preserved example of etruscan urban planning, just applied to the dead instead of the living. rows of tumulus tombs are carved straight into the tufa rock, with the interiors mimicking real houses - complete with painted rooms, carved furniture, and beamed ceilings. it's the closest thing we have to seeing what an actual etruscan house looked like, since almost none survived above ground.

the porta all'arco in volterra

details:

this is one of the oldest surviving arched gates in italy, and it shows the etruscans using the true arch centuries before rome made it famous. three carved stone heads (worn down now, originally gods or protective deities) sit at the top of the arch. it's a good complement to cerveteri because it shows etruscan engineering and city fortification, not just tomb architecture.

etruscans in short

big stone buildings

arches

tuscany

the legend of the beginning of rome, and its first name

rome was founded by two brothers romelus and remus, raised by a she-wolf. romelus kills remus because they couldnt agree where to establish rome

in the beginning it was called “caput mundi” which means “the head of the world”

the roman phases with years

kingdom (had 7 kings before the change of regime) 753 bc - 509 bc

republican (the senate, ends when ceaser dies) 509 bc - 27 bc

empire (starts with octavius/augustus - the roman empire) 27 bc - 476 ad

the collapse of the western roman empire (wre)

476

the collapse of the eastern roman empire (ere)

1453

after the wre falls, the ere is called the byzantine empire

what, when

temple of portunus

late republican rome

under which emperor was the peak roman territorial expansion and when

under trajan, 117 ad

temple parts

greek

has columns all along its periphery

cella or naos containing the alter

temple parts

roman

pronaos // portico

how are these temple plans called

first one also called “distyle in antis”

athenian treasury in delphi

distyle in antis

temple of vesta

only remaining tholus in rome

vestal virgins, they had to keep the sacred fire alive whatever happened or they die

what is the roman architectural revolution

it shifted buildings from post-and-lintel to much more advances stuff like domes, roman concrete etc

roman concrete

it can set underwater

because of it giant domes became possible, which was termed the roman architectural revolution

what is it, what is the hole on the roof called, which term came from this, where is it, when was it built

domus aurea (latin: golden house)

oculus (latin: eye)

grotesque, meaning cave-like

it is underground in rome, it was fully submerged underground in the 1500s

built after a great fire in 64 by emperor nero

stratification

an object or building being lower than the actual ground level, because of the dust and trash tht pile up and raise the level of the ground; which is why the domus aurea was fully submerged underground by the 1500s and why the word grotesque came from here, because grot means cave

what is it, a fun fact

the pantheon

the columns were monolithic, each column was one stone, they didnt use drums for this, which is insane, they brought the stones over from egypt

its dome is the largest un-reinforced concrete dome in the world (thanks to roman concrete)

aedicula

small shrine

coffers, reinforce the dome

temple of minerva medica

transition in roman secular architecture between octagonal dining room of the domus aurea and the dome of the pantheon, and the archiecture of nearby byzantine churches

forum

the roman name for the agora

trajan's column

difference between the roman and the greek theater

the greek ones were usually built on an already existing hill, while the romans made their own foundations

forum romanum

colosseum

began under emperor vespasian in 72

ended under his heir titus in 80

largest ancient amphitheatre ever built

the amphitheatre in pompeii

oldest surviving stone Roman amphitheater

arles amphitheatre in france

roman baths (thermae)

thermal windows

tepidarium

the warm room in the roman baths

caldarium

the hot room in the roman baths

frigidorium

the cold room in the roman baths

did the ancient greeks have public baths

no

hypocaust floor heating

ancient central heating system that uses an external furnace to pass hot air and gases through an open space beneath a raised floor

baths of diocletian

arch of augustus (rimini)

27 bc

arch of titus (rome)

81

basilica julia in rome

basilica

rectangular floor plan, a central nave flanked by lower side aisles, and a semicircular apse. Originally a Roman civic building, the design was later adopted for Christian churches

domus

roman house

ostium

main door

vestibulum (fauces)

entry hall

fauces

corridors

tabernae

shops

atrium

large central hall near the front of the house

compluvium

inclined roof above the atrium

impluvium

shallow pool, designed to collect rainwater

tablinum

where the head of the household received his guests

triclinium

dining room, named after the three part chaise lounge romans used to eat on