MLT 151 Test 1 Study Guide

Which of the following hormones does NOT stimulate glycogenolysis?

Insulin

Select the desirable cutoff for serum LDL cholesterol recommended by the National Cholesterol Education Program.

100 mg/dL

A 52-year-old man went to his doctor for a physical examination. The patient was overweight and had missed his last two appointments because of business dealings. His blood pressure was elevated, his cholesterol was 250 mg/dL, and his triglyceride was 170 mg/dL. A high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol test was performed and the result was 30 mg/dL (20-60 mg/dL). Which of the following would be this patient's calculated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol value?

186 mg/dL

Select the enzyme that is most specific for β-D glucose.

Glucose oxidase

Of the following blood glucose levels, which would you expect to result in glucose in the urine?

200 mg/dL

Which of the following lipids are derivatives of fatty acids comprised of 20 C atoms including a 5 C cyclopentane ring?

Prostaglandins

In uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, cholesterol and triglycerides are:

Increased

Which of the following is the primary hypoglycemic hormone?

Glucagon

What percentage of serum cholesterol is present in the form of esters?

60-75%

The BORDERLINE range for cholesterol levels as determined by NCEP is:

200-240 mg/dL.

The lipoprotein fraction that has the highest ratio of lipid to protein is:

Chylomicrons.

Chylomicrons.

A patient with an insulinoma may exhibit dizziness and fainting attributable to:

Hypoglycemia

What type of hypoglycemia is exhibited 8 hours after a meal?

Fasting

Cholesterol is a:

Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.

Acyl-cholesterol acyltransferase:

Converts free cholesterol to esterified cholesterol for storage.

Which of the following is characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Obesity and physical inactivity

In the Hexokinase method for glucose determinations, the actual end product measured is the:

NADPH + H+ produced from the reduction of NADP.

Risk factors for coronary heart disease include all of the following EXCEPT:

High HDL cholesterol.

Which apolipoprotein has the ability to INCREASE the risk of coronary heart disease?

Apo B100

Gluconeogenesis is:

The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, for example, amino acids, glycerol, and lactate.

The following are criteria for Clinical Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome EXCEPT:

Low fasting glucose.

The following glucose tolerance test values are indicative of what state?

Normal

The serum of a freshly drawn blood sample is slightly turbid. This is probably because:

Triglycerides only are increased.

The enzyme that catalyzes the reaction ATP + D-glucose → ADP + D-glucose-6-phosphate is:

Hexokinase.

Glycolysis is:

The conversion of glucose into lactate or pyruvate and then CO2 and H2O.

A patient's low glucose, increased insulin, and increased C-peptide is caused by:

Insulinoma.

Instructions for patients preparing for a glucose tolerance tests include all of the following EXCEPT:

Caffeine and smoking are permitted before and during the test.

The enzymatic determination of glycerol in triglyceride analysis usually involves conversion of glycerol to:

Glycerol phosphate.

In a specimen collected for plasma glucose analysis, sodium fluoride:

Inhibits glycolysis.

Which of the following lipid fractions are very large molecules with a low density and give plasma a milky appearance when present in increased amounts?

Chylomicrons

All of the following are associated with gestational diabetes EXCEPT:

Is diagnosed using the same glucose tolerance criteria as in nonpregnant women.

All of the following statements about clinical hypoglycemia are true EXCEPT:

High fasting insulin levels must be present to make a diagnosis.

The first step in the enzymatic cholesterol reaction, which results in free cholesterol esterase, is:

Hydrolysis of cholesterol esters.

The only hormone that causes a decrease in blood glucose levels is:

Insulin

Which of the following test combinations indicates the HIGHEST risk for coronary heart disease?

Increased total cholesterol, decreased HDL cholesterol

Complications of diabetes mellitus include all of the following EXCEPT:

Hepatitis

Which of the following carbohydrates is a polysaccharide?

Hepatitis

Which form of diabetes usually manifests itself early in life, and is associated with ketosis, low insulin levels, and autoantibodies to islet cells?

Type 1

The glucose concentration in normal cerebrospinal fluid is:

60-75% of the plasma glucose concentration.

The National Cholesterol Education Program ATP III goal for desirable HDL cholesterol is:

≥ 60 mg/dL.

Bile acids are synthesized in the liver from which lipid?

Cholesterol

Which statement regarding glycosylated hemoglobin is TRUE?

All of the above

Which of the following is a group of interrelated metabolic risk factors that appear to directly promote the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease?

Metabolic syndrome

HDL cholesterol + LDL cholesterol + chylomicrons → HDL. Which is NOT used as a precipitating reagent for determining cholesterol?

Sulfosalicylic acid

An isomer of glucose with the -OH group of the anomeric carbon C1 that is below the plane of the ring or on the right-hand side is:

α -glucose.

Secondary causes of elevated LDL include all of the following EXCEPT:

Hyperthyroidism

Glycogen is stored in the:

Liver

Which of the following is FALSE concerning blood cholesterol concentrations?

Increased cholesterol is associated with hyperthyroidism.

A sneaky diabetic tried to lower her glucose by working out and watching her diet 1 or 2 days before her appointment. The rest of the time she spent the day in front of the television and eating chocolates. What test could the doctor order to detect this type of behavior?

A glycosylated hemoglobin

Which of the following tests would be included in a routine lipid profile?

Cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides

Which of the following describes the composition of the two particles used in the luminescent oxygen channeling immunoassay (LOCI)?

One synthetic bead coated with Streptavidin that contains photosensitive dye and a second synthetic bead coated with a binding partner specific for the method and contains a chemiluminescent dye

The protein product derived from the DNA sequence below contains which of the following amino acid sequences?

Methionine-lysine-alanine-proline

Which of the following is TRUE about gel electrophoresis of DNA?

Increasing the voltage increases the resolution of DNA fragments separated in the gel.

RNA differs from DNA in that RNA:

Contains an H group instead of an OH group at its number 2 carbon.

Which of the following fragments would be generated when the following sequence is cut by SmaI?

One 4 bp fragment, one 10 bp fragment, one 11 bp fragment, and one 13 bp fragment

All of the following are clinical applications of FISH EXCEPT:

Detection of oncogenes in tumor cells.

Restriction endonucleases function by:

Cutting the DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.

Labeled antibodies are used as probes to detect proteins in:

Western blot.

Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?

Nitrogenous base

Suppose that a laboratory wanted to separate small DNA fragments that were 10 base pairs (bps) apart in size. The optimal technique to use for the separation is:

Pulse-field gel electrophoresis.

More nonspecific binding of a probe to DNA sequences in a sample is encouraged when:

The temperature is decreased.

Plastic beads, polyclonal gels, and particles coated with iron oxide used in immunoassays are all examples of which of the following?

Solid phase material

Which of the following best describes haptens?

Haptens are substances that are capable of binding an antibody but by themselves cannot stimulate an immune response.

Monoclonal antibodies typically recognize:

Single antigen sites.

Which of the following is an example of a chemiluminescent compound?

Acridinium

In fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA), the electrons in fluorescein molecules chemically attached to the hapten react in which of the following manner?

They do not fluoresce.

Which statement best defines an antigen?

Any material capable of reacting with an antibody, without necessarily being capable of inducing antibody formation

As the concentration of analyte begins to exceed the amount of antibody present, the dose response curve will flatten (plateau) and with further increase may become negatively sloped; this describes which of the following?

Hook effect

Affinity is described as which of the following?

The thermodynamic quantity defining the energy of interaction of a single antibody-binding site and its corresponding epitope on the antigen

Which detector label is used in electrochemiluminescence immunoassays?

Ruthenium with tripropylamine