UIUC MCB 245 Practical 1

Front

Anterior

Rear

Posterior

Towards the midline

medial

away from the midline

lateral

closer to the attached trunk

proximal

farther from the attached trunk

distal

belly side

ventral

back side

dorsal

outside, closer to the surface

superficial

inside, farther from the surface

deep

toward the nose or mouth

rostral

toward tail

caudal

toward the head

cranial/cephalic

divides the body into left and right

sagittal

special type of sagittal plane that divides the body equally

midsagittal

divides body into anterior and posterior

coronal

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

transverse

ocular lens/ eyepiece

contains lens for viewing, also increases magnification by 10x

ocular lens

nosepiece of microscope

holds the objective lenses and can be rotated to change magnification

nosepiece of microscope

arm of microscope

provides support for the body and adjustment tubes

arm of microscope

objective lens

contains lenses of different magnifications

objective lenses

lamp light

provides light source which is projected up through the tissue to allow for viewing

lamp light

base

provides structural support for the microscope and houses the light source

base

control knob

#2

allows for adjustment of light being transmitted through tissue

control knob

power switch

mechanical stage

supports microscope slide which can be adjusted to allow viewing of different sections of a slid

mechanical stage

mechanical stage controls

stage clips

condenser

focuses incoming light onto slides

condenser

course adjustment knob

moves the mechanical stage up and down in large increments to aid in focusing

course adjustment knob

condenser adjustment knob

regulates the amount of light being passed through the tissue

condenser adjustment knob/ iris diaphram

layers of cells covering internal or external surfaces

Epithelial Tissues

provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, produce specialized secretions

Functions of epithelial tissues

cellularity- very little extracellular matrix, polarity, attachment, avascular, regeneration, layers (for stratified)

characteristics of epithelia

lining of blood and lymph vessels, lining of central cavities, portions of kidney tubules, inner lining of cornea, alveoli of lungs

simple squamous epithelium location

rapid diffusion (permeability), reduce friction

function of simple squamous epithelium

outer surface of the skin, lining of the mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina

location of stratified squamous epithelium

protection against physical abrasions, pathogens, chemical injury from exposure to outside environment

function of stratified squamous epithelium

glands (endocrine and exocrine), parts of kidney tubules, thyroid gland

location of simple cuboidal epithelium

secretion of hormones and other solutions

functions of simple cuboidal epithelium

lining of some ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands

location of stratified cuboidal epithelium

secretion of exocrine solutions like sweat and breast milk

functions of stratified cuboidal epithelium

stomach lining, intestinal lining, uterine tubes

location of simple columnar epithelium

absorption (primarily digestive) and secretion of mucus

function of simple columnar epithelium

salivary gland ducts and urethra

location of stratified columnar epithelium

protection and secretion of saliva

functions of stratified columnar epithelium

lining of nasal passages, trachea, and bronchi

location of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

protection- cilia traps particles

function of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

urinary bladder, ureters

location of transitional epithelium

allows expansion and recoil upon stretch

function of transitional epithelium

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane which occurs whenever there is a difference concentration on the two sides of a membrane

osmosis

water and solutes pass through a membrane from an area of higher hydrostatic (fluid) pressure into an area of lower hydrostatic pressure

filtration

passive transport of solutes from high to low concentration

diffusion

when a cell expends cellular energy (ATP) to move across its membrane

active transport

connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, supporting connective tissue

classification of connective tissues

structural framework

Transporting fluids and dissolved materials

Protecting

Supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting

Storing energy reserves

Defending against pathogens

functions of connective tissues

connect and protect

connective tissue proper function

loose and dense

two classes of connective tissue proper

more ground tissue and fewer fibers

loose connective tissue

more fibers, less ground substance (tendons)

dense connective tissue

highly vascularized, contains both collagen and elastic fibers, cushions organs, provides support but allows movement, defense

areolar connective tissue properties and functions

deep dermis of skin, beneath epithelial lining of GI tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, between muscles, covers blood vessels, nerves and joints

location of areolar connective tissue

provides padding, cushions shock, insulator, storage of energy

functions of adipose connective tissue

deep to the skin, breast, buttocks, padding around kidney, abdominal region

location of adipose connective tissues

provides supporting framework

functions of reticular connective tissue

liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

location of reticular loose connective tissue

poorly vascularized, mostly fibers with little ground substance, tightly packed with high numbers of collagen fibers, site of attachment for bones and muscles, reduces friction between muscles, stabilize relative position of bone

functions/properties of dense regular connective tissue

tendons and ligaments

locations of dense regular tissue

provides strength and reduces forces from multiple directions; helps prevent overexpansion of organs, contains collagen fibers

properties/functions of dense irregular tissue

periosteum, perichondrium, dermis of the skin, urinary bladder

locations of dense irregular tissue

stabilization permits contraction/expansion of organs, contain elastic fibers

properties of elastic connective tissue

in ligaments between vertebrae, ligaments supporting penis, trachea, vocal cords, and aorta

location of elastic connective tissue

strong framework, few cells, fibrous matrix, mature cells in lacunae

properties of supportive connective tissues

support and shape

functions of supportive connective tissue

bone and cartilage

types of supportive connective tissue

no innervation, avascular, surrounded by perichondrium

properties of cartilage

hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

types of cartilage

provides stiff but flexible support, reduces friction between bony surfaces

properties and function of hyaline cartilage

resists compression, prevents bone to bone contact and limits movement of vertebral column, contains rows of collagen fibers

functions and properties of fibrocartilage

pads in knee joint, pubic symphysis, cartilage of intervertebral discs

location of fibrocartilage

tolerates flexion and returns to normal state, contains web of elastic fibers

properties and functions of elastic cartilage

-Tip of ear

-Epiglottis

-Auditory canal

locations of elastic cartilage

lymph and blood

two types of Fluid Connective tissue

carries fluid and lymphocytes to lymph glands and then back to the venous system to be recirculated into blood

functions of lymph

long, short, flat, irregular

shapes of bone

long and thin bones found in arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, and toes

long bones

Thin with parallel surfaces

Found in the roof of skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae

flat bones

small and thick bones such as the ankle or wrist

short bones

have complex shapes such as vertebrae or pelvic bone

irregular bone