biomed 4.2-4.4 (2)

What is the major complication associated with hemodialysis?

Low blood pressure, infections, cramps, and fatigue.

How often is hemodialysis typically performed?

3 times per week at a center or at home.

What is a major risk associated with peritoneal dialysis?

Risk of peritonitis (a serious infection).

What is one advantage of peritoneal dialysis?

It can be done at home and offers a more flexible schedule.

What is a significant disadvantage of peritoneal dialysis?

It must be performed daily, which carries a risk of infection.

What is the primary purpose of a kidney transplant?

To place a healthy kidney from a donor into a patient.

What is a potential complication of kidney transplants?

Organ rejection and infection from anti-rejection medications.

What is the key benefit of a kidney transplant compared to dialysis?

It allows for the most natural kidney function with no dialysis needed.

What is a downside of kidney transplant regarding medication?

Patients need lifelong medications to prevent rejection.

What does conservative care involve in kidney failure management?

Managing symptoms without the use of dialysis or transplant.

What is the National Organ Transplant Act?

It prohibits the sale of human organs and emphasizes medical urgency for organ allocation.

What should be considered when allocating organs?

Compatibility between organ and recipient, distance, waiting time, and recipient age.

What is the Rh factor in blood typing?

A protein that can be present (Rh+) or absent (Rh-) on the surface of red blood cells.

How can Rh negative individuals receive blood?

Rh- can only receive blood from Rh- blood types.

What is agglutination in blood typing?

The clumping reaction when antibodies bind to specific antigens on red blood cells.

What do HLA antigens do?

They help the immune system recognize tissues as self vs. non-self.

What is required before a kidney transplant?

HLA typing to assess compatibility between donor and recipient.

How many HLA antigens are typically examined for matching?

Six HLA antigens, with two from each parent.

What does a positive cross-match indicate?

A reaction occurs, and the transplant cannot be performed.

What is the purpose of immunosuppressants in organ transplantation?

To weaken the immune system to prevent organ rejection.

What are UNOS and its purpose?

United Network for Organ Sharing, managing the national organ waitlist and allocation.

What ethical consideration relates to organ donation?

Allocation fairness and informed consent.

What is laparoscopic nephrectomy?

A minimally invasive method of kidney removal using small incisions.

What does subcutaneous suturing involve?

Using absorbable stitches under the skin, providing less visible closures.

What is an advantage of using sevoflurane as anesthesia?

It allows easy control of depth of sleep during long surgeries.

What is the use of nitrous oxide in medical procedures?

It is commonly used for dental procedures but needs to be combined with stronger agents.

What type of anesthesia is propofol used for?

Sedation in short procedures like colonoscopies.

What types of blood can type A+ receive?

A+, A-, O+, O-.

What are donor organs that can be transplanted?

Kidneys, liver, heart, lungs, pancreas, skin, eyes.

What is xenotransplantation?

Transplanting organs/tissues from one species to another, often from pigs to humans.

What is a risk associated with xenotransplantation?

The human immune system may still reject the transplanted organ.

What is tissue engineering?

Creating artificial tissues or organs using biological cells.

What are the benefits of using induced pluripotent stem cells?

They can become any of 200+ cell types and reduce the risk of rejection.

What is CRISPR used for in genetic engineering?

Editing genes by removing disease-causing mutations and adding helpful genes.

What is induction therapy in immunosuppression?

Strong medications used right after transplantation to prevent immediate rejection.

What are the main types of stem cells?

Embryonic, adult, and induced pluripotent stem cells.

What is therapeutic cloning?

Creating an embryo using the patient's own DNA to extract stem cells.

What are the potential risks of using immunosuppressants?

Increased risk of infections and cancer due to weakened immune surveillance.

What does maintenance therapy aim to do?

Prevent chronic rejection through long-term medication.

What is the impact of tissue from the patient's own cells?

It significantly decreases the risk of rejection compared to foreign tissue.

What does a PRA test indicate?

The potential reactivity of a recipient's immune system to donor cells (60 ppl)

What does a negative cross-match indicate?

No reaction occurs, allowing the transplant to proceed.

What is the role of HLA typing in transplants?

To determine similarity between donor and recipient HLA antigens.

What is the advantage of adult stem cells compared to embryonic stem cells?

They do not involve the destruction of embryos.

What type of antibody does blood type O have?

Anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

What is the function of antibodies in the blood?

They identify and bind to foreign antigens, triggering an immune response.

What are Class I Antigens in HLA typing?

HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-Cw.

Which antigen classification has HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DP?

Class II Antigens.

What happens if a patient's immune system reacts to a transplanted organ?

T cells destroy donor cells, leading to graft rejection.

What do blood types determine?

The compatibility for blood transfusions.

How do stem cells contribute to therapies?

They can regenerate tissue and organs, potentially reducing transplant needs.

What is essential when matching donors and recipients for transplants?

Compatibility of HLA antigens to minimize rejection risk.

What’s the purpose of anti-rejection therapy?

To address and manage organ rejection when it occurs post-transplant.

What is the function of agglutinogens in blood?

They are antigens that cause the immune system to produce antibodies.

What does a PRA score of 0% indicate?

That there are many potential donors available.

What is the benefit of bioprinting in medicine?

It allows for the layer-by-layer printing of living cells to create tissues/organs.

What are the ethical concerns regarding gene editing with CRISPR?

Potential inheritance of modifications and the possibility of unintended consequences.

What is the significance of antigen presence in blood typing?

It determines a person's blood type and compatibility with transfusions.

What complications can arise with organ transplantation?

Rejection of the transplant and the need for continuous immunosuppression.

What does kidney transplant surgery involve?

Removing the donor's kidney and implanting it into the recipient.

How does the body identify self vs. non-self?

Through HLA antigens that interact with the immune system.

What does the UNOS manage?

The national organ transplant waiting list and allocation process.

What does the term 'non-self' refer to in immunology?

Substances recognized by the immune system as foreign.

What are the implications of liver tissue transplantation?

Liver tissue cannot be transplanted as it does not function outside the body.

Why is kidney removal via nephrectomy sometimes necessary?

Due to donations for transplant or diseases affecting kidney function.

What happens to the HLA matches of siblings?

They share the best potential matches due to genetic similarity.

What are the benefits of laparoscopic nephrectomy compared to traditional methods?

It is minimally invasive, leading to quicker recovery and less scarring.

What is the function of the immune system in organ transplant rejection?

To identify and attack cells recognized as foreign (non-self).

What does tissue typing assess?

The presence of specific HLA antigens to find a compatible donor.

What type of cells are typically used in tissue engineering?

Biological cells grown on scaffolds to form new tissues.

Why are adult stem cells considered multipotent?

They can only differentiate into a limited range of cell types.

What technology is involved in modern methods of HLA typing?

PCR amplifies HLA genes to accurately identify unique profiles.

What is the role of donor compatibilities in organ transplants?

To reduce the risk of rejection and ensure better outcomes.

What is the aim of maintaining immunosuppression after transplantation?

To prevent the body's immune response from rejecting the new organ.

How is CRISPR related to genetic conditions?

It enables targeted editing to correct mutations responsible for diseases.