ap hug unit 2 test

what is arithmetic population density? what is it used for?

• use: provides broad overview of how crowded an area is

• pros: easy to find through census; can be accurate depending on the scale

• cons: does not account for uneven distribution of population within each country (distribution is often not uniform)

what is physiological population density? what is it used for?

demonstrates carrying capacity (the maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources without damaging the environment or using natural resources unsustainably)

• high physiological distribution indicates resources are maxed out

• US has low physiological density—resources not under much strain

• Egypt has high physiological density—high strain on food production; has to import much food

what is agricultural population density? what is it used for?

• indicates country’s level of economic development

• high agricultural population density: less developed country; low level of technology; farming by hand (more farmers), low output of food

• low agricultural population density: more developed countries; high levels of mechanization; less farmers but more output of food

refers to the permanently inhabited and utilized portion of the Earth's land surface; the habitable areas of the world

ecumene

what are the 5 toos?

areas where people do not settle (mostly due to being unable to farm)

• too hot

• too cold

• too wet

• too hilly

• too dry

where are people more likely to settle?

farmable environments

• low elevation

• fertile soil

• temperate climates

• near a body of water

what are the factors that determine a population’s growth and decline?

fertility (cbr and tfr), mortality (life expectancy, cdr, and imr), and migration

what are the factors measure fertility?

• crude birth rate (cbr): the number of live births inciting in one year per 1000 people

  • used to compare numbers across countries

• total fertility rate (tfr): average number of children who would be born per woman during her childbearing years

  • globally has been decreasing over time

what are the effects of development on fertility?

the more developed a country is, the lower the cbr and tfr will be

what are the factors that measure mortality

• life expectancy: the average number of years the average person will live

  • steadily increasing over time

• crude death rate (cdr): number of deaths occurring in one year per 1000 people

• infant mortality rate (imr): number of children who die before one year of age

  • when imr goes down, life expectancy goes up leading to higher population growth

what is the natural increase rate/rate of natural increase?

speed at which a country's population grows or shrinks based solely on the difference between its birth rate and death rate, ignoring migration

• can be a negative number, indicating population decrease

• usually expressed in a percentage

what is population growth rate?

• more accurate because it accounts for migration

• births - deaths + immigrants - emigrants

what factors influence the distribution of population

• economic: job opportunities; access to natural resources

• social/cultural: housing availability, safety, access to transportation, a feeling of belonging, community

• political: same as social/cultural

what is doubling time?

• the number of years in which a population will double assuming the growth rate remains stable

• 70/NIR

what is the replacement rate?

• the average number of children a woman must have to keep a population stable from one generation to the next without counting migration

• 2.1 children per woman

describe stage 1 of the demographic transition model and the epidemiological transition model

• population pyramid has a wide base because CBR is high and a narrow tip because CDR is also high (low amount of old people)

DTM:

• high CBR (due to no birth control, many people were farmers and children were assets)

• high CDR (due to children not surviving infancy)

• low NIR

ETM: pestilence and famine (also led to high CDR)

which countries are in stage 1 of the DTM today?

• pre-industrial countries

• none today

• but every country was stage 1 before Industrial Revolution

describe stage 2 of the demographic transition model and the epidemiological transition model

population pyramid has kind of a square base because children are surviving, but still a narrow tip

DTM:

• high CBR (cultural norms staying the same) but drops slightly near the end since kids became economic liability

• dropping CDR due to farming innovations and increased access to jobs/money

• NIR increases because kids survive

ETM: receding pandemics (slowly solving food problem due to industrialization and transport; medical advances exist but disease is still biggest killer)

which countries are stage 2 of the DTM today?

• industrialized countries

• was Great Britain in 1750 because it was the only industrialized nation

• today includes Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia

describe stage 3 of the demographic transition model and the epidemiological transition model

• population pyramid kind of looks like a house because more people are surviving overall

DTM:

• decreasing CBR because of social pressures (children are liabilities and cannot work in factories)

• decreasing CDR because of medical innovations

• NIR plateaus

ETM: degenerative and human made diseases (those associated with aging and lifestyle choices)

which countries are in stage 3 of the DTM today?

• around the 1960s for the US/UK, after WWII

• Latin/South America and potentially China

describe stage 4 of the demographic transition model and the epidemiological transition model

• population pyramid looks like a house with a narrower base because more older people are surviving

DTM:

• CBR continues to decrease

• CDR decreases but not as much as previous stages because there are limits to what we can to to prevent death

• NIR flattens because CBR and CDR are closer together

ETM: delayed degenerative diseases (diseases associated with aging/lifestyle choices can be delayed with medical advancements)

which countries are in stage 4 of the DTM today?

• USA

• some parts of Western Europe

describe stage 5 of the demographic transition model and the epidemiological transition model

• population pyramid is inverted triangle because there are more older people and less younger people

DTM:

• CBR continues to decrease

• CDR flattens out

• CBR < CDR

• NIR becomes negative

ETM: reemergence of infectious diseases (diseases become resistant to medicines; older people have poorer immune systems)

which countries are in stage 5 of the DTM today?

• Japan and Germany

• some other parts of Western Europe

how does a nation reduce birth rates?

• increase development level

• increase education level for women

push vs. pull factors?

• push: negative circumstances, events, or conditions present in a location that causes people to move away

• pull: positive conditions and circumstances of a location that encourages people to move to that place

what are intervening obstacles and intervening opportunities?

prevent migrants from moving to final destination during a migration

• intervening obstacles: barriers that hold migrants back (block them) from continuing to travel

  • ex: mountains, rivers, borders, etc.

• intervening opportunities: an opportunity that causes migrants to voluntarily stop traveling

  • ex: job opportunities

  • migrants can continue on but they at the moment stopped migration voluntarily due to an opportunity

voluntary vs. involuntary migration

• voluntary: people migrate due to own choices

  • main motivation are pull factors

• involuntary: people migrate due to fears of violence or survival

  • main motivation are push factors like war, violence, oppression, natural disasters

which demographic is most commonly migrants?

young men

what are ravenstein’s laws of migration?

• migration is typically short in distance

• migration occurs in steps

• urban areas attract both long-distance and rural migrants

• every migration generates a counter-migration

• young, single adult males are more likely to migrate than females, and women will migrate shorter distances

• most migration is due to economic factors

examples of voluntary and involuntary migrations?

• voluntary: guest worker programs like the bracero program

• involuntary: Syrian refugees (most to Turkey), Trail of Tears (IDP), Slave Trade

the further apart two places are, the less likely it is that people will migrate between those two places

distance decay

refugee vs. internally displaced person vs. asylum seeker

• refugee: someone who has been forced to flee his or her country (cross a border) because of persecution, war, or violence

• someone who has been forced to flee their home but never crosses an international border

• asylum seekers: people who flee their country and seek sanctuary in another country and apply for asylum—the right to be recognized as a refugee and receive legal protection and material assistance

what are remittances?

money sent back to migrants’ country of origin

what are guest workers?

migrants who travel internationally in order to find work as temporary laborers, typically for a short period of time because the jobs cannot be filled by a country’s own labor force

• ex: Bracero Program, people going to the Middle East to work in oil industry

• typically young single men

what are the unintended consequences of anti-natalist policies?

• forced sterilization and abortions

• abandonment of babies

• gender-selective abortions favoring boys over girls

  • skewed gender ratios which impacts future marriage and reproduction

what is malthusian theory?

• population grows exponentially while food output only grows arithmetically, resulting in a food shortage and famine due to exceeding the carrying capacity

• hunger incites instability and rebellion

what is carrying capacity?

the amount of population that a location can support without harming the environment

what are some criticisms of malthusian theory?

• factors slowing population growth: available and reliable contraceptives and education and advancement of women

• increased farming efficiency: mechanized farming, hybrid seeds, chemical fertilizers

• new technology: more efficient travel to deliver food; refrigeration and tin cans preserve food for longer and can transport food longer distances

what is boserup’s theory?

food supply is impacted directly by population growth. as population increases, humans will develop new technologies to increase production of food supply

what do neo-malthusians believe?

• concerned about sustainable use of the environment—the earth’s resources can only sustain a finite population. and rapid population growth will outpace all finite earth resources (water, energy, clean air), leading to environmental degredation

• concerned with strain on natural resources, overconsumption, and famine

• scope is broader than malthus’s: includes more than just food supply

what is a dependency ratio?

• an economic indicator showing how many non-working dependents rely on every 100 working-age adults

dependency ratios in each stage of DTM?

• stage 1: high (low adult population; high amount of children but infant mortality keeps numbers kind of stable)

• stage 2: high (still low adult population; higher number of children because many survive infancy)

• stage 3: falling (birth rates decline)

• stage 4: low to rising (birth and death rates are both low and stable, and family sizes hover around replacement level)

• stage 5: very high (many elderly people rely on few working-age people)