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Cell Cycle
The series of phases (G1, S, G2, M) a cell goes through to grow and divide.
Interphase
Longest phase of the cell cycle; includes G1 (growth), S (DNA replication), and G2 (prep for division).
Cell Division
Process where a single cell divides to form two daughter cells.
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm following mitosis or meiosis.
Cell Plate
Structure that forms during cytokinesis in plant cells to divide the two daughter cells.
Cleavage
In animal cells, this is the process during cytokinesis where the cell membrane pinches in to split the cell.
Chromatin
Uncoiled DNA and proteins found in the nucleus during interphase.
Chromosomes
Tightly coiled DNA visible during cell division; carry genetic information.
Sister Chromatids
Two identical copies of a chromosome, joined at the centromere.
Centromere
The region that connects sister chromatids.
Histones
Proteins that DNA wraps around to form chromatin.
Karyotype
A picture of an individual's chromosomes used to detect genetic disorders.
Homologous Chromosomes
Pairs of chromosomes (one from each parent) that have the same genes at the same loci.
Asexual Reproduction
A form of reproduction where offspring arise from a single organism; no gametes involved.
Sexual Reproduction
Reproduction involving the fusion of gametes (sperm and egg), producing genetically diverse offspring.
Clone
A genetically identical copy of an organism produced through asexual reproduction.
Gametes
Sex cells (sperm and egg) that are haploid and combine during fertilization.
Haploid
A cell that contains one complete set of chromosomes (n). Example: gametes.
Diploid
A cell that contains two complete sets of chromosomes (2n). Example: body cells.
Fertilization
The process of a sperm cell fusing with an egg cell to form a zygote.
Zygote
A diploid cell formed after fertilization.
Meiosis
A type of cell division that produces four genetically unique haploid gametes.
Crossing Over
Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis, increasing genetic variation.
Nondisjunction
Error during meiosis in which chromosomes fail to separate properly, leading to genetic disorders (e.g., Down syndrome).
Autosomes
Chromosomes that do not determine sex (humans have 22 pairs).
Sex Chromosomes
Chromosomes that determine sex (X and Y in humans).
Cancer
Uncontrolled cell division due to mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle.
Tumor
A mass of abnormal cells resulting from uncontrolled cell division.
Metastasis
The spread of cancer cells from the original site to other parts of the body.