BIO exam CELLULAR REPRODUCTION

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29 Terms

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Cell Cycle

The series of phases (G1, S, G2, M) a cell goes through to grow and divide.

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Interphase

Longest phase of the cell cycle; includes G1 (growth), S (DNA replication), and G2 (prep for division).

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Cell Division

Process where a single cell divides to form two daughter cells.

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Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm following mitosis or meiosis.

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Cell Plate

Structure that forms during cytokinesis in plant cells to divide the two daughter cells.

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Cleavage

In animal cells, this is the process during cytokinesis where the cell membrane pinches in to split the cell.

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Chromatin

Uncoiled DNA and proteins found in the nucleus during interphase.

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Chromosomes

Tightly coiled DNA visible during cell division; carry genetic information.

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Sister Chromatids

Two identical copies of a chromosome, joined at the centromere.

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Centromere

The region that connects sister chromatids.

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Histones

Proteins that DNA wraps around to form chromatin.

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Karyotype

A picture of an individual's chromosomes used to detect genetic disorders.

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Homologous Chromosomes

Pairs of chromosomes (one from each parent) that have the same genes at the same loci.

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Asexual Reproduction

A form of reproduction where offspring arise from a single organism; no gametes involved.

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Sexual Reproduction

Reproduction involving the fusion of gametes (sperm and egg), producing genetically diverse offspring.

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Clone

A genetically identical copy of an organism produced through asexual reproduction.

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Gametes

Sex cells (sperm and egg) that are haploid and combine during fertilization.

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Haploid

A cell that contains one complete set of chromosomes (n). Example: gametes.

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Diploid

A cell that contains two complete sets of chromosomes (2n). Example: body cells.

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Fertilization

The process of a sperm cell fusing with an egg cell to form a zygote.

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Zygote

A diploid cell formed after fertilization.

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Meiosis

A type of cell division that produces four genetically unique haploid gametes.

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Crossing Over

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis, increasing genetic variation.

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Nondisjunction

Error during meiosis in which chromosomes fail to separate properly, leading to genetic disorders (e.g., Down syndrome).

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Autosomes

Chromosomes that do not determine sex (humans have 22 pairs).

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Sex Chromosomes

Chromosomes that determine sex (X and Y in humans).

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Cancer

Uncontrolled cell division due to mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle.

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Tumor

A mass of abnormal cells resulting from uncontrolled cell division.

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Metastasis

The spread of cancer cells from the original site to other parts of the body.