Pathophysiology Chapter 1

Biopsy

Excision of small living tissue samples

Autopsy

Examination of body and organs postmortem

Diagnosis

Identification of a specific disease

Etiology

Study of causes in a particular disease

Idiopathic

Disease with unknown cause

Iatrogenic

Disease caused by medical treatment error

Predisposing factors

Factors like age, gender, and environment influencing disease

Prophylaxis

Measures to prevent disease spread

Prevention

Actions like vaccinations to avoid disease

Pathogenesis

Process of disease development

Onset of disease

Start of a disease, sudden or gradual

Acute disease

A short-term condition that develops quickly, characterized by high fever and severe symptoms.

Chronic disease

A condition that develops gradually, with milder symptoms that are often intermittent with acute episodes.

Latent state

A state where there are no evident symptoms or clinical signs.

Prodrome

The early stage of disease development where signs are nonspecific or absent.

Manifestations

Clinical evidence of a disease with signs and symptoms, either local or systemic.

Lesions

Visible changes in tissue due to disease.

Remission

A period during a disease's course where manifestations decrease.

Exacerbation

A worsening of the severity of a disease.

Prognosis

Defines the probability or likelihood for recovery or other outcomes.

Morbidity

Refers to disease rates within a group.

Mortality

The rate of deaths from a disease.

Epidemiology

The study of the patterns and occurrence of disease.

Incidence

The number of new cases in a given population within a specific time period.

Prevalence

The number of new, old, or existing cases within a given population and time period.

Epidemics

A higher number of expected cases of a disease within an area.

Pandemic

Involves a higher number of widespread cases of a disease across multiple regions.

Communicable diseases

Infectious diseases that can spread from one person to another.

Reportable diseases

Diseases that must be reported by physicians to designated authorities to prevent further spread.

Atrophy

a shrinkage of muscle after being in cast; decrease in size of cells; reduced tissue mass

Hypertrophy

constant exercise causes bigger muscle mass; increase in size of cells; enlarged tissue mass

Hyperplasia

increased number of cells; enlarged tissue mass

Metaplasia

when one mature cell type is replaced with a different mature cell type; may be caused by vitamin A deficiency

Dysplasia

tissue in which cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are often present & rate of mitosis is increased

Anaplasia

cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures and numerous mitotic figures

Neoplasia

new growth, tumor; Benign neoplasms are less serious, don't spread, and not life-threatening in most locations; Malignant neoplasms are referred to as cancer

Necrosis

death of one or more cells or a portion of tissue or organ as a result of irreversible damage

Apoptosis

programmed cell death; very normal and may increase when cell development is abnormal, genes are excessive or cells are injured or aged

Ischemia

decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a tissue or organ

Hypoxia

reduced oxygen in tissue

Pyroptosis

results in the lysis or dissolution of the cell releasing lysosomal enzymes into the tissue; causes inflammation and reduced condron

Liquifaction Necrosis

when dead cells liquefy under influence of certain cell enzymes; occurs with brain tissue necrosis and certain bacterial infections

Coagulative Necrosis

occurs when the cell proteins are altered or denatured (similar to cooking eggs); cells retain some form after necrosis; typically occurs with myocardial infarction

Fat Necrosis

when fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids in the presence of infection or certain enzymes; may increase inflammation

Caseous Necrosis

form of coagulation necrosis in which a thick cheesy yellowish substance forms

Infarction

term applied to an area of dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen; when part of a heart muscle dies, it can no longer contract to pump blood; heart attack

Gangrene

death of necrotic tissue, usually associated with a lack or loss of blood supply followed by invasion of bacteria

Dry Gangrene

caused by coagulative necrosis in which tissue dries, shrinks, and blackens

Wet Gangrene

result of liquefaction; tissue becomes cold, swollen & black

Gas Gangrene

caused by buildup of gases within tissue and further reduces blood supply

Primary Prevention

measures taken to prevent disease before it occurs, such as vaccinations and lifestyle changes.

Secondary Prevention

involves early detection and prompt treatment of disease to reduce severity, such as screenings and regular check-ups.

Tertiary Prevention

aims to manage and reduce the impact of long-term disease and disability, focusing on rehabilitation and supportive care.