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New republic
Who - Herbert Croly the editor what - a movement to strengthen the national state to address widespread social and economic issues, croly’s proposal was to combine democratic self-determmination with government intervention when - early 20th century sig - Marked a shift from localism to national solutions for problems like poverty, economic insecurity, and industrial democracy.: Inspired Progressive presidents to use federal power to implement reforms in areas like labor, business regulation, and public welfare.
pure food and drug act
who - theodore roosevelt was the president what - established a federal agency to monitor food and drug quality and labeling which aimed to protect consumers and ensure safety in products when (1906) sig - addressed public concerns about unsafe and mislabeled products, setting a precedent for future health and safety regulations.: Established models for federal agencies like the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and future regulatory initiatives.
Hepburn act
who - theodore roosevelt what - Strengthened the ICC, allowing it to - Examine railroad business records Set reasonable rates for transportation. Marked significant federal intervention in corporate operations. when - 1906 sig - t expanded federal authority, marking a shift toward increased government oversight of corporate practices.
conservation act
who - theodore roosevelt, gifford pinchot, what - A series of federal policies and acts aimed at conserving natural resources, protecting wildlife, and regulating resource use. Focused on creating forest reserves, wildlife preserves, and national parks to prevent overexploitation of the environment. when - during theodore roosevelts presidency/ early 20th century sig - Initiated federal conservation efforts that continue today.Highlighted the role of federal agencies like the U.S. Forest Service in managing public lands.
sierra club
who - john muir what - one of the oldest and most influential environmental organizations in the United States, focused on preserving natural areas and promoting environmental protection + Advocated for the establishment of national parks and wilderness preservation when - 1892 sig - Played a crucial role in the creation and expansion of national parks, including Yosemite.
john muir
who - Scottish-American naturalist, writer, and conservationist known as the "Father of the National Parks." and founder of sierra club what - Championed the preservation of natural areas for their beauty and spiritual value, opposing their exploitation for economic gain.Wrote extensively about nature, inspiring public support for environmental conservation.
william howard taft
who - 27th president + former governor of the philippines what - key figure during the progressive era, tariff builder, antitrust policy (pursued antitrust cases, breaking up Standard Oil (1911) and American Tobacco under the Sherman Antitrust Act.) Supported and oversaw the ratification of the income tax amendment, enabling a graduated income tax for wealthier citizens. Modernized federal government funding, shifting away from reliance on tariffs.
theodore roosevelt
16th amendment
who - passed by congress what - granted Congress the power to levy a federal income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on population.Allowed the federal government to directly tax individual and corporate incomes. when - 1913 sig - Established a consistent and reliable source of income for the federal government, enabling it to fund programs and initiatives, particularly during the Progressive Era and later during wartime.Addressed wealth disparities by taxing higher incomes at greater rates, aligning with Progressive calls for economic fairness.
progressive party
who - theodore roosevelt, what - A political party formed by Theodore Roosevelt and his supporters after his split with the Republican Party. they focused on progressive reforms - overnment regulation of corporations and monopolies. Women's suffrage. Workers' rights, including an eight-hour workday. Social welfare programs, such as health and unemployment insurance. Direct election of senators (later established by the 17th Amendment). when - founded in 1912 sig - Roosevelt's candidacy split the Republican vote, allowing Democrat Woodrow Wilson to win the presidency.
federal trade commision
who - passed by congress what - an independent federal agency created to promote consumer protection and eliminate unfair methods of competition in the marketplace. Investigate corporate behavior. Issue cease-and-desist orders to stop unfair trade practices.when - 1914 sig - Addressed public concerns about monopolies and unfair trade practices during the Progressive Era. Strengthened federal oversight of business practices and ensured fair competition.
new nationalism
Theodore Roosevelt introduced New Nationalism in 1910, making it the focus of his 1912 Progressive Party campaign. He called for a strong federal government to regulate corporations, protect workers, support women’s suffrage, and conserve natural resources. Roosevelt also pushed for a graduated income tax and reforms like the direct election of senators to increase public participation. He believed large corporations were necessary but needed strict regulation to prevent harm to democracy.
new freedom
Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom, which focused on breaking up monopolies rather than regulating them. Roosevelt’s ideas reflected Progressive Era goals of government-led reform and social justice. Although he lost the 1912 election, his platform influenced future reforms and shaped policies like Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal, leaving a lasting legacy on American politics.
the election of 1912
woodrow wilson
federal reserve system
