the inner workings of the skeletal system

epiphysis

site of spongy bone marrow in adults

diaphysis

site of compact bone in adults, scientific name for bone shaft

Red marrow and epiphysis

site of hematopoiesis in the adult

yellow bone marrow

site of fat storage in the adult

epiphyseal plate

site of longitudinal growth in a child

parathyroid hormone

when blood calcium levels being to drop below homeostatic levels, _________ _____________ is released, causing calcium to be released from bones.

osteocytes

mature bone cells, maintain bone in a viable state. when deprived of nutrition, they die at the fracture site.

atrophy

disuse such as that caused by paralysis or server lack of exercise results in muscle and bone __________.

stress/tension

large tubercles and/or increased deposit of bony matrix occur at sites of ______________

osteoblasts

immature, or matrix-depositing, bone cells

calcitonin

causes blood calcium to be deposited in bones as calcium salts

osteoclasts

bone cells that liquefy bone matrix and release calcium to the blood

concentric lamellae

layers of calcified matrix

lacunae

“residences” of osteocytes

central (haversian) canal

longitudinal canal, carrying blood vessels and nerves

bone matrix

nonliving, structural part of bone

canaliculi

tiny canals, connecting lacunae

simple fracture

bone is broken cleanly; the ends do not penetrate the skin

closed reduction

nonsurgical realignment of broken bone ends and splinting of bone

greenstick fracture

a break common in children; bone splinters, but break is incomplete

compression fracture

a fracture in which the bone is crushed; common in the vertebral column

compound fracture

a fracture in which the bone ends penetrate through the skin surface

open reduction

surgical realignment of broken bone ends

spiral fracture

a result of twisting forces

hematoma

usually forms at a fracture site

phagocytes

nonbony debris at the fracture site is removed by ______________

granulation tissue

growth of a new capillary supply into the region produces ____________ ___________

periosteum

osteoblasts from the __________ cavity migrate to the fracture site.

Fibrocartilage callus

The ______________ ___________ is the first repair mass to splint the broken bone

spongy

the bone callus is initially composed of _________ bone

synovial fluid

the lubricant that minimizes friction and abrasion of joint surfaces

articular cartilage

The resilient substance that keeps bone ends from crushing when compressed

ligaments

reinforce the fibrous capsule and help prevent dislocation of the joint

cartilaginous joints

has ampirathrotic (limited mobility) and synarthrotic examples (allows no movement)

synovial joints

have a fibrous capsule lined with synovial membrane surrounding a joint cavity, is the joint between the atlas and axis, in the hip elbow, and knee, all examples are diarthroses (free movement), all are reinforced by ligaments, often containing a fluid-filled cushion, is most of the joints of the limbs, often associated with bursae and have the greatest mobility

Fibrous suture

Bone regions united by fibrous connective tissue and are the joints between skull bones and is the joint providing the most protection to underlying structures

cartilaginous symphysis

pubic symphysis

cartilaginous epiphyseal disk

Child’s long-bone growth plate made of hyaline cartilage

synovial joints

joint not commonly found in the axial skeleton because they provide mobility and not protection

sprain

teh ligaments reinforcing a joint are excessively stretched or torn

osteoarthritis

age-related erosion of articular cartilages and formation of painful bony spurs

acute arthritis

usually results from bacterial invasion

vascularized

healing of a partially torn ligament is slow because its hundreds of fibrous strands are poorly _____________

Rheumatoid arthritis

an autoimmune disease

gout (gouty arthritis)

A form of arthritis that causes severe pain, swelling, redness and tenderness in joints. high levels of uric acid in the blood may lead to this

rickets

a soft bone condition in children, usually caused by a lack of calcium or vitamin D in the diet

osteoporosis

atrophy and thinning of bone owing to hormonal changes or inactivity (generally in the elderly)

bursitis

Painful swelling of the fluid-filled pads, called bursae, that act as cushions at the joints.

Hematoma

A pool of mostly clotted blood that forms in an organ, tissue, or body space. usually caused by a broken blood vessel that was damaged by surgery or an injury.

dislocation

An injury where a joint is forced out of normal position or out of its socket

pathologic fracture

occur through areas of weakened bone attributed to either primary malignant lesions, benign lesions, metastasis, or underlying metabolic abnormalities

lordosis

an exaggerated inward curve of spine effects lower back c

kyphosis

front to back curve of spine

scoliosis

a curve in the spine

cartilaginous joints are located in:

b/t the sternum and the ribs (synchondrosis), between the vertebrae (symphysis), and between the pubis (symphasis)

fibrous joints are located in:

in the skull (suture) and in between the tibia and fibula (syndesmosis)

synovial joints are located in:

the shoulder (multiaxial), the elbow (uniaxial), and the carpals (biaxial)

plane joints

located in the carpals

hinge joints

located in the elbow and knee

condylar joints

located between metacarpals and phalanges

pivot joint

located in the radius and ulna

saddle joint

located between the carpals and metacarpals

ball-and-socket joint

located in the shoulder and hips

short bones

often cube-like; carpal bones and tarsal bones

flat bones

made up of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone. contains skull and ribs. contain marrow but no marrow cavity

irregular bones

vary in shape and structure. mostly in the vertebrae

growth plate is broken

the bone effected could end up crooked or slightly shorted than expected when…