the inner workings of the skeletal system

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67 Terms

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epiphysis

site of spongy bone marrow in adults

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diaphysis

site of compact bone in adults, scientific name for bone shaft

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Red marrow and epiphysis

site of hematopoiesis in the adult

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yellow bone marrow

site of fat storage in the adult

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epiphyseal plate

site of longitudinal growth in a child

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parathyroid hormone

when blood calcium levels being to drop below homeostatic levels, _________ _____________ is released, causing calcium to be released from bones.

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osteocytes

mature bone cells, maintain bone in a viable state. when deprived of nutrition, they die at the fracture site.

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atrophy

disuse such as that caused by paralysis or server lack of exercise results in muscle and bone __________.

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stress/tension

large tubercles and/or increased deposit of bony matrix occur at sites of ______________

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osteoblasts

immature, or matrix-depositing, bone cells

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calcitonin

causes blood calcium to be deposited in bones as calcium salts

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osteoclasts

bone cells that liquefy bone matrix and release calcium to the blood

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concentric lamellae

layers of calcified matrix

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lacunae

“residences” of osteocytes

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central (haversian) canal

longitudinal canal, carrying blood vessels and nerves

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bone matrix

nonliving, structural part of bone

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canaliculi

tiny canals, connecting lacunae

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simple fracture

bone is broken cleanly; the ends do not penetrate the skin

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closed reduction

nonsurgical realignment of broken bone ends and splinting of bone

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greenstick fracture

a break common in children; bone splinters, but break is incomplete

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compression fracture

a fracture in which the bone is crushed; common in the vertebral column

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compound fracture

a fracture in which the bone ends penetrate through the skin surface

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open reduction

surgical realignment of broken bone ends

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spiral fracture

a result of twisting forces

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hematoma

usually forms at a fracture site

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phagocytes

nonbony debris at the fracture site is removed by ______________

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granulation tissue

growth of a new capillary supply into the region produces ____________ ___________

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periosteum

osteoblasts from the __________ cavity migrate to the fracture site.

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Fibrocartilage callus

The ______________ ___________ is the first repair mass to splint the broken bone

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spongy

the bone callus is initially composed of _________ bone

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synovial fluid

the lubricant that minimizes friction and abrasion of joint surfaces

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articular cartilage

The resilient substance that keeps bone ends from crushing when compressed

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ligaments

reinforce the fibrous capsule and help prevent dislocation of the joint

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cartilaginous joints

has ampirathrotic (limited mobility) and synarthrotic examples (allows no movement)

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synovial joints

have a fibrous capsule lined with synovial membrane surrounding a joint cavity, is the joint between the atlas and axis, in the hip elbow, and knee, all examples are diarthroses (free movement), all are reinforced by ligaments, often containing a fluid-filled cushion, is most of the joints of the limbs, often associated with bursae and have the greatest mobility

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Fibrous suture

Bone regions united by fibrous connective tissue and are the joints between skull bones and is the joint providing the most protection to underlying structures

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cartilaginous symphysis

pubic symphysis

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cartilaginous epiphyseal disk

Child’s long-bone growth plate made of hyaline cartilage

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synovial joints

joint not commonly found in the axial skeleton because they provide mobility and not protection

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sprain

teh ligaments reinforcing a joint are excessively stretched or torn

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osteoarthritis

age-related erosion of articular cartilages and formation of painful bony spurs

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acute arthritis

usually results from bacterial invasion

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vascularized

healing of a partially torn ligament is slow because its hundreds of fibrous strands are poorly _____________

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Rheumatoid arthritis

an autoimmune disease

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gout (gouty arthritis)

A form of arthritis that causes severe pain, swelling, redness and tenderness in joints. high levels of uric acid in the blood may lead to this

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rickets

a soft bone condition in children, usually caused by a lack of calcium or vitamin D in the diet

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osteoporosis

atrophy and thinning of bone owing to hormonal changes or inactivity (generally in the elderly)

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bursitis

Painful swelling of the fluid-filled pads, called bursae, that act as cushions at the joints.

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Hematoma

A pool of mostly clotted blood that forms in an organ, tissue, or body space. usually caused by a broken blood vessel that was damaged by surgery or an injury.

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dislocation

An injury where a joint is forced out of normal position or out of its socket

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pathologic fracture

occur through areas of weakened bone attributed to either primary malignant lesions, benign lesions, metastasis, or underlying metabolic abnormalities

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lordosis

an exaggerated inward curve of spine effects lower back c

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kyphosis

front to back curve of spine

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scoliosis

a curve in the spine

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cartilaginous joints are located in:

b/t the sternum and the ribs (synchondrosis), between the vertebrae (symphysis), and between the pubis (symphasis)

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fibrous joints are located in:

in the skull (suture) and in between the tibia and fibula (syndesmosis)

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synovial joints are located in:

the shoulder (multiaxial), the elbow (uniaxial), and the carpals (biaxial)

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plane joints

located in the carpals

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hinge joints

located in the elbow and knee

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condylar joints

located between metacarpals and phalanges

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pivot joint

located in the radius and ulna

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saddle joint

located between the carpals and metacarpals

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ball-and-socket joint

located in the shoulder and hips

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short bones

often cube-like; carpal bones and tarsal bones

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flat bones

made up of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone. contains skull and ribs. contain marrow but no marrow cavity

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irregular bones

vary in shape and structure. mostly in the vertebrae

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growth plate is broken

the bone effected could end up crooked or slightly shorted than expected when…