U.S. History Semester 1 Finals Study Guide

These flashcards cover key concepts, terms, and events in U.S. History, particularly for the first semester exam.

The __ was a system where Spanish priests demanded the end of harsh labor practices in the Americas.

encomienda

_ was the first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607.

Jamestown

___ is an economic theory where a nation increases its wealth through trade, specifically by exporting more than it imports.

Mercantilism

The __ were colonists who opposed independence during the American Revolutionary War.

Loyalists

The __ were colonists who supported independence from Great Britain.

Patriots

___ were supporters of a strong national government and the ratification of the Constitution.

Federalists

___ opposed the Constitution because they feared a strong central government.

Antifederalists

The __ consists of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, outlining personal liberties.

Bill of Rights

___ is a movement aimed at ending slavery in the United States.

Abolition

___ is the principle that the authority of a government is created by the consent of its people.

Popular Sovereignty

The __ was a network that helped enslaved people escape to freedom in the North.

Underground Railroad

___ is the belief that it was the destiny of the United States to expand across the continent.

Manifest Destiny

The _ decision stated that African Americans were not considered citizens and had no standing to sue in federal court.

Dred Scott

The _ was a declaration issued by President Lincoln freeing enslaved people in the Confederate states.

Emancipation Proclamation

The __ amendments address citizenship and voting rights for African Americans after the Civil War.

13th /14th/15th

The Spanish aimed to expand their empire primarily for __ and the spread of Christianity.

wealth

The English desired colonies in the Americas mainly for trade and __ opportunities.

territorial

The __ were angry at King George III due to unfair taxes and laws imposed on the colonies.

colonists

One major weakness of the Articles of __ was that the central government could not collect taxes.

Confederation

The __ was the agreement that counted enslaved individuals as three-fifths of a person for representation purposes.

Three-Fifths Compromise

The Civil War was fought primarily over __ and states' rights.

slavery

The __ Proclamation initially freed slaves in states that were in rebellion against the Union.

Emancipation

The purpose of __ was to rebuild the South and ensure civil rights for formerly enslaved people after the Civil War.

Reconstruction

___ was the name given to the vast grassland in the central United States.

Great Plains

The __ Act aimed to assimilate Native Americans by allotting them individual plots of land.

Dawes

The __ was a significant conflict that resulted in the deaths of many Native Americans, indicating resistance against U.S. policies.

Battle of Wounded Knee

The __ Act provided 160 acres of land to settlers willing to farm it for five years.

Homestead

__ is a political movement aimed at representing the interests of the working class, particularly in the late 19th century.

Populism

The economic theory known as the __ Standard advocates backing currency solely with gold.

Gold

The U.S. government often forced Plains Indians onto reservations through __ and broken treaties.

military force

integration involves a company controlling all stages of production, while integration refers to merging with competitors.

Vertical; horizontal

The __ was a political organization that helped immigrants by providing jobs and services in exchange for votes.

Political Machine

The __ Act of 1882 specifically targeted Chinese immigration to the United States.

Chinese Exclusion

Social __ refers to the ability of individuals to move up or down in social class.

Mobility

Push factors in immigration refer to reasons why people __ their home country.

leave

Pull factors in immigration are the reasons people __ to a new country.

move

Isolationists wanted to avoid __________ involvement.

foreign

The U.S. joined WWI because of German __________ attacks.

submarine

The __________ Note promised Mexico U.S. land.

Zimmermann

Some senators feared the League of Nations would cause __________ wars.

foreign

The Sedition Act limited __________ of the government.

criticism

The Great Migration was the movement of African Americans __________.

north

People migrated to find __________ and escape racism.

Jobs

World War I helped women gain more __________.

Jobs

People of color still faced __________ during World War I.

discrimination