Industrial Revolution

james hargreaves

invented the spinning jenny

spinning jenny

allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time

richard arkwright

invented the water frame

water frame

used water power to drive the spinning wheel

agricultural revolution

the time where productivity, food production, and population increased

seed drill

a device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot in the ground

alexander graham bell

invented the telephone

gugliemo marconi

invented the radio

transcontinental railroad

a train route across the united states that was finished in 1869; transported western crops and raw materials to east coast markets; connected the atlantic and pacific coasts

bessemer process

developed in 1856; blasted molten metal with air to remove impurities

cottage industry

this is developed by the british and is known as the putting-out system

interchangeable parts

developed by eli whitney; manufactured firearms for the u.s. military; easily replaced a broken component with a new, identical part.

division of labor

the separation of a work process into a number of tasks; each task is performed by a separate or group of people.

trans-siberian railroad

linked moscow to the pacific ocean; the longest single rail system in russia

company rule

british east india company’s rulership of india from 1757-1858

john stuart mill

british philosopher; championed legal reforms to allow labor unions, limit child labor and ensure safe working conditions.

hatt-i humayan

ottoman reform edict; updated the legal system, declaring equality for all men in education, government appointments, and justice.

self-strengthening movement

an effort to modernize china at the end of the 19th century; the movement was a way for the government to face the internal and external problems confronting china.

emperor guangxu

declared the hundred days of reform

hundred days of reform

abolished the civil service exam, eliminated corruption, adopted the western industry, commerce and medicine.

empress cixi

very conservative; opposed reforms and wanted to protect traditional social and governmental systems, and feared the influence of foreigners and resisted any new technology

enclosure movement

a movement in england during the 1600s and 1700s in which the government took public lands and sold them off to private landowners--contributing to a population shift toward the cities and a rise in agricultural productivity.

factory

a large building in which machinery is used to manufacture goods

urbanization

movement of people from rural areas to cities

stock

a share of ownership in a corporation

strike

an organized work stoppage intended to force an employer to address union demands

industrial revolution

period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in england in the mid-1700s; increased the need for markets and raw materials in industrialized nations.

industrialization

the process of developing machine production of goods

factors of production

land, labor, and capital; the three groups of resources that are used to make all goods and services.

middle class

a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers; they grew in wealth and status as a result of the industrial revolution. new wealth created tensions with the old aristocracy, and their status as business owners created tension with the working class.

corporations

a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts. allowed for the massing of capital to create larger business ventures. expensive portions of industrialization such as railroads could not have grown without these.

crop rotation

the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land

lazzes-faire capitalism

an economic system in which the market makes all decisions and the government plays no role; allowed business owners to set working conditions.

adam smith

scottish economist who wrote the wealth of nations a precursor to modern capitalism. created ideas like the invisible hand to explain how economic freedom lead to better economic outcomes.

capitalism

an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit

utilitarianism

the theory, proposed by jeremy bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

socialism

a system in which the people, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

karl marx

19th century revolutionary philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, and political theorist. often recognized as the father of communism. analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. believed in a classless society.

communism

a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership.

union

a worker association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions.

steam engine

a machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. thomas newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. james watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. it was then applied to machinery.

monopoly

a market in which there are many buyers but only one seller

stock market

a general term used to describe all transactions involving the buying and selling of stock shares issued by a company.

raw materials

unprocessed natural products used in production

communist manifesto

a socialist manifesto written by marx and engels (1848) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views.

white collar

a description characterizing professional and management workers and some highly skilled laborers in technical jobs

working class

a social class broadly composed of people working in blue-collar, or manual, occupations.

proletariat

marx’s term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people. this group owns the means of production.

means of production

the tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth.

slums

an overcrowded, dirty area of a city where the housing is usually in very poor condition.

tanzimet

a set of reforms designed to remake the ottoman empire on a western european model