APUSH 3.2-3.5 Quiz

Who did tensions intensify between as the British colonies expanded into the interior of North America in the mid-18 century?

Britain and France

Where did the growing population of the British colonies push into?

Ohio River Valley

What were vital to both French economic interests and American Indian autonomy and were threatened by the British expansion?

French-Indian trade networks

What happened as a result of the competition for control of the territories?

French and Indian War (1754-1763)

What else was the French and Indian War known as?

Seven Years' War

Why did the conflict erupt before the Seven Years War?

British expansion threatened French territorial claims and alliances with Native American tribes

What did Britain's victory over France in the mid-18th century mark?

A significant expansion of British territorial holdings in North America

What did Britain's victory in the French and Indian War come with?

Tremendous financial cost and with the terms of future colonial relations

Where did Britain gain territories?

Canada and lands east of the Mississippi River

What did the cost of the war lead to for Britain?

A massive increase in Britain's national debt

How did Britain attempt to recoup the costs from the war?

Raise revenue from the colonies and exert greater control (which set the stage for future conflicts)

What officially ended the French and Indian War and what did it do?

The Treaty of Paris (1763). It confirmed Britain's territorial gains.

What did the Treaty of Paris lead to for the colonies?

The imposition of new taxes to help pay the war debt, an example being the Stamp Act

What generated significant opposition among the colonists?

The imperial government's efforts to prevent westward colonial expansion

What did Native American groups seek to protect?

Their lands and autonomy

What did the Proclamation of 1763 do?

prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to avoid further conflicts with the Native Americans

How did the colonists feel about the Proclamation of 1763?

In opposition of them, felt like it infringed on their rights and opportunities.

What uprising was led in resistance to British encroachment on tribal lands in the Great Lakes region?

Pontiac's Rebellion (1763-1766) led by Chief Pontiac

What sparked a wave of resistance in the colonies in the mid-18th century?

New measures to collect taxes and assert control by the British Empire

What result did the new tax measures have on the colonists?

It united them against what they saw as unjust imperial constraints

What are two acts which the British government introduced without direct colonial representation or consent?

The Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts

While challenging traditional European social order, what did Enlightenment ideas advocate for?

A society where individual talent and merit were more important than birthright

What is something the thinking of the Enlightenment had a profound shift in?

American political leaders and visions for the new nation

What did the Enlightenment emphasize?

reason, science, potential of the individual

What did the Enlightenment encourage?

It encouraged a move away from aristocracy and inherited status

What became a cornerstone of the American republic?

The rejection of hereditary privelege

Who was a prominent Enlightenment thinking in America

Benjamin Franklin

What else played a crucial role in shaping Americas' views of liberty?

Religion

What did many colonists see their struggle for independence as?

They saw it as part of a divine mission, which helped reinforce their commitment to freedom

What did religion, mainly the Protestant work ethic and the belief in a covenant with god, reinforce?

They reinforced the idea that Americans were destined to be independent people

What strengthened the resolve of many colonists during the Revolutionary War?

The notion of being a "chosen people" with a divine right

What is one way religious leaders united colonists around the cause of freedom?

Religious leaders would frame the fight for indpendence in moral and spiritual terms

EXAMPLE

The sermons of ministers like Jonathan Mayhew, who argued that resistance to tyrannical government was a moral duty, blending religios convictions with the political rhetoric of the time

As the colonies moved toward independence, what became central to the American cause?

The belief in republican forms of government based on the natural rights of the people became central to the American cause

Where were the ideas of republican forms of government based on natural right powerfully expressed?

Thomas Paine's Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence

What did Thomas Paine's Common Sense argue for?

Immediate independence from Britain and the establishment of a republic, rejecting monarchy and hereditary rule

What did the Declaration of Independence, drafted by Thomas Jefferson, articulate as the foundation of government?

Natural rights - life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

What was the influence of the Declaration of Independence?

A revolutionary document with a statement of principles to guide the US through challenges and reforms which included the civil rights movement and the abolition of slavery

What was the Olive Branch Petition?

It was a final attempt at reconciliation before the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, however it failed to achieve peace between the Crown and the colonists

Why was the American Revolution (1776-1783) a struggle?

It pitted the colonists against what seemed like insurmountable (unable to overcome) odds

Despite what odd did the Patriots emerge victorius?

Great Britain's overwhelming military and financial advantages, and considerable loyalist opposition

What was the backbone of the Patriot military effort?

Combined strength of the colonial militias and the Continental Army, whose actions were vital in securing American Independence

What did colonial militias provide and what did they a=often engage in?

Local defense and support, and they often engaged in guerilla warfare and disrupting British supply lines

What did the Continental Army, under the leadership of George Washington. conduct?

Major military opperations and fought key battles against British forces

What did the militias and the Continental Army do in tandem?

They combined local knowledge with organized military efforts to resist British advances

What did France do after the Battle of Saratoga?

France formed an ally with the American cause

Whose strategic decisions and unyielding commitment to the cause were instrumental in navigating the challenges of the Revolutionary War?

George Washington

Washington's ability to maintain moral and cohesion of the Continetal Army led them through what hardships?

The winter at Valley Forge

What tactics did Washington use to prolong war and wear down British forces?

Hit-and-run raids and avoiding large scale confrontations unless favorable

How did Washington inspire his troops and the broader colonial population?

He inspired loyalty and confidence through his leadership

What reinvigorated the Patriot cause at a critical moment in the war?

The suprise attack on Trenton in December 1776, where Washington crossed the Delaware River and captured a Hessian force

Other than military achievement, what happened because of the success of the Patriot cause?

A triumph of ideological commitment and resilience

The colonists' deep commitment to the principles of liberty, self-government, and republicanism provided what?

The ideological foundation for their resistance to British rule

What sustained war effort over several years despite significant challenges?

The resillience of the colonial population

The Intervention of European allies, particularly France, provided what?

It provided crucial military and financial support that tipped the balance in favor of the Patriots

What was the French and American alliance named?

The Franco-American Alliance, formalized in 1778

What battle in 1781 did French forces play a critical role in the defeat of the British General Cornwallis?

Battle of Yorktown

What did the Stamp Act of 1765 do?

Impose a direct tax on the colonies for stamped paper, legal documents, and other printed materials

What did the Stamp Act lead to?

Widespread protests and the formation of the Stamp Act Congress

What were seen as essential to protecting individual freedoms and resisting external control?

Local traditions of self-rule, such as town meetings and colonial assemblies

What is an example of a leader who used diplomacy, communication, and strategic alliances to gain support for independence?

Benjamin Franklin

What did the Sons of Liberty do?

Organize protests and boycotts against British goods

How did women contribute to the cause?

Organizing boycotts, producing goods to replace British imports, and participating in the dissemination of revolutionary ideas

What did the Daughters of Liberty do?

Organize and participated in boycotts of British goods and produced homespun cloth as a form of protest against British policies

What did communities do to support the Continental Army when conflict came?

Collect funds, produce military supplies, and provide food and clothing

What did the Continental Congress do?

Issued the Continental Currency and organized supply lines and sured Patriot forces were provisioned before and during conflict

What strengthened the resolve of many colonists to support the Patriot movement?

British military occupation of certain regions, such as Boston

What required creative solutions from the colonists?

Economic shortages caused by British blockades and the disruption of trade

What kinds of groups did the movement for American independence gain momentum through?

Diverse groups such as laborers, artisans, and women

Whose ideas were frequently cited by colonial leaders such as Thomas Jefferson and John Adams?

John Locke

How did the colonist express opposition to the Tea Act?

Throwing British tea overboard at the Boston Tea Party in 1773

What arguments were made regarding the British government's policies?

That they were infringing on the traditional rights of the British subjects, particularly the right to be taxed only with consent

What Enlightenment ideas deeply influenced colonial leaders?

Ideas about natural rights, the social contract, and government by consent

How did colonial leaders frame their resistance to British policies?

Drawing on a range of ideological foundations, including the rights of British subjects, individual liberties, traditions of self-rule, and Enlightenment ideas