APUSH civil war to progressives

Market Revolution

The major change in the US economy where people were buying and selling goods rather than making it for themselves.

Popular Sovereignty

The people in the territory determining if the state will be a slave state or not

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slave and great black abolitionist who fought to end slavery through political action

Free Soil Party

A political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery

Underground Railroad

A system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North (passing the Mason-Dixon line)

California would be admitted as a free state, previous Mexican territories would have popular sovereignty, the slave trade ends in DC, Fugitive Slave Act is more strictly enforced.

Fugitive Slave Act

A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Stephen A Douglas

A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

Kansas Nebrask Act

An act which overturned the Missouri Compromise in admitting Nebraska as a free state and Kansas as a slave state

Know Nothing Party

Political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant

Harriet Beecher Stowe

An abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin, who sympathized with slave mothers because she lost her son.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

A popular novel which followed a slave family in the South and brought to further light the wickedness of slavery to the North, brought many more sympathizers.

Bleeding Kansas

A conflict deriving from popular sovereignty when many pro and anti-slavery supports rushed into Kansas to admit it as a slave or free state, resulted in many brawls and Kansas admission as a free state.

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, inspired rebellions

Harper's Ferry

John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal.

Dred Scott Case

Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south

Panic of 1857

Financial crash brought on by gold-fueled inflation, overspeculation, and excess grain production. Raised calls in the North for higher tariffs and for free homesteads on western public lands.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas over the issue of slavery which lead to Lincoln losing but becoming a contender for the election.

Free Soilders

Opposed slavery because of the threat to republicanism and not for the moral reasons

"A House Divided"

Speech by Lincoln where he states that the US has to chose to be either all slave or all free.

Election of 1860

A close election between 4 candidates, Lincoln being excluded from the ballot on some Southern states, led to Lincoln winning the election

South Carolina Secedes

South Carolina wanted to secede because North's attacks on slavery, and they felt Lincoln would stop slavery, thus 3 months before his presidency, they seceded.

Stephens' Cornerstone Address

A speech delivered by Confederate VP Stephens where the confederacy defended slavery.

Confederacy

The political entity formed between 11 southern states that seceded from the US in 1860 - 1862

Fort Sumter

First battle of the Civil War, Confederate victory

Border States

Slave states that did not secede (KY, MD, DE, WV)

Suspension of Habeas Corpus

Lincoln suspended this, which states that a person cannot be arrested without probable cause and must be informed of the charges against him and be given an opportunity to challenge them. Caused people to be arrested for disloyalty.

North

Industrialized weapons, more manpower, more factories, established gov, diversified economy, political divergence, different views on slavery, difficulty of an invasion.

South

Lack of infrastructure, no established gov, no foreign relationships, weak agricultural reliant economy, well trained soldiers, military officers

George McClellan

A general for north which was known for his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay. Fired by Lincoln twice.

Robert Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Ulysses Grant

Eighteenth President of the United States. He achieved fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Antietam

The first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. "Win" for the North after a very bloody battle, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation

Emancipation Proclamation

Proclamation issued by Lincoln in 1863, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union.

Massachussetts 54th Regiment

One of the first African American regiments in the Union Army

Gettysburg

Lee's failed attempt to invade the North, forced the Confederates to retreat by the Union and was the turning point in the war.

Gettysburg Address

A speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights

Draft Day Riots

Mobs in NYC which savagely attacked police, soldiers, and black people.

Election of 1864

Election of Lincoln vs. McClellan, Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he's elected, citizens of North are sick of war so many vote for McClellan, Lincoln wins however abolitionists and Radical Republicans hated him, absentee soldier ballots were the key in Lincoln's victory as it was almost unanimous from the soldiers

Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address

Lincoln's address which outlined his reconstruction plan, Radical Republicans were upset at his lenience.

Lincoln's Assassination

1865, shot by John Wilkes Booth at Fords Theater, Johnson took over as president.

13th Amendment

Amendment which abolished slavery

14th Amendment

Amendment that guarantees protection and citizenship for all peoples born on US soil expect for Native Americans

15th Amendment

Amendment that gave black men the right to vote.

Freedmen's Bureau

Government organization in 1865 intended to help black people receive public education along with poor whites.

Black Codes

A series of Southern laws which legalized segregation and prevented the unification of black people in order to stop rebellions.

Jim Crow

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Grandfather Clause

A loophole created by southern disenfranchising legislatures of the 1890s for illiterate white males whose grandfathers had been eligible to vote before the Civil War

Andrew Johnson

17th president who replace Lincoln after his assassination, very pardoning of Southerns (likely from racism), vetoed Civil Rights Act of 1866.

10% Plan

A plan to pardon Confederate members if they swore loyalty to the country.

Sharecropping

An agriculture system similar to slavery in which landowners "allowed" their tenants to use their land for a share of the crops.

40 acres and a mule

A plan not passed to provide each previously enslaved person 40 acres of land and a mule, proposed by William T. Sherman.

Pacific Railroad Act

Legislation which encourages the construction of a transcontinental railroad to connect the West to the Northeast.

Radical Republicans

Radicals which wanted to punish the South more while being strongly against the Black codes.

Thaddeus Stevens

A leader of the Radical Republicans, behind the 14th Amendment who wanted stricter punishment for the South.

KKK

A terrorist secret society of white Southerners who used violence against minorities, especially blacks.

Johnson Impeachment

Impeachment of a president after his vetoing of the Civil Rights Act and the firing of Edwin Staton

Homestead Act

1862 Aact, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a small fee.

Battle of Little Bighorn

1876 battle where Colonel Custer fell into a trap and the Sioux's easily defeated him and killed all the American soldiers in response to them being moved onto reservations

Massacre of Wounded Knee

A massacre in 1890 that started when Sioux left the reservation in protest because of the death of Sitting Bull. The US army killed 150 Sioux at wounded knee; last major incident in the great plains

Dawes Act

1887 law that moved Native Americans off of tribal reservation and into 160 individual acres to assimilate them.

Assimilation

The incorporation and absorbing of Native Americans into American society.

Grant Administration

Boss Tweed

Politician who carried corruption and was convicted of stealing millions of dollars from the NYC taxpayers.

Tammany Hall

The NY political organization which was a powerful political machine ran by Boss Tweed

Political Machines

Organized groups of politicians who sought to control government and used bribery to control and manipulate

Liberal Republicans

In 1872, Republican reformers, alarmed by the corruption and scandals in the Grant administration, believed in Laissez Faire economics and were against legislation that would benefit any group.

Panic of 1873

Four year economic panic caused by overspeculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's refusal to coin silver

Speculation

The risky buying and selling of stocks in the hope of making a quick profit

Bubble (stock market)

Stocks climbing in price and eventually become overvalued

Greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war in

Democrats

Political party led by Andrew Jackson which campaigned against a strong central government and fought to end elitism

Republicans

Political party supported business and industry with a protective tariff

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise to remove military from South, appoint Democrats to cabinet, federal money for railroad construction.

Crop Lien System

System that allowed farmers to get more credit. They used harvested crops to pay back their loans.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court decision that legalized segregation and declared separate but equal.

Laissez Faire

A hands off economy where the government does not interfere in the working of the free market.

Transcontinental Line

Railroad Line that goes from Pacific to Atlantic Oceans. By 1890 there were 5.

Social Darwinism

The application of the idea of evolution to society, that only the fittest people would survive.

JP Morgan

A banker that financed the reorganization of insurance companies, bands, and railroads, bought out Carnegie and started the US Steel Corporation

Plutocracy

Society and government ruled by the wealthy

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting.

Black List

People not being hired because of ties to labor unions.

Gospel of Wealth

A book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the wealthy to donate money and serve those who needed it.

Nativists Xenophobia

People scared of immigrants.

Jingoism

Extreme patriotism to the degree of practicing xenophobia.

W.E.B. Dubois

A black civil rights activist/author who opposed Booker T. Washington and called for immediate action for the civil rights of people of color.

Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper

NAACP

Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans.

Populists

A political party formed from frustrated farmers, they advocated for including government ownership of railroads and other utilities, a graduated income tax, and free silver coinage.

Lynching

Putting to death a person by the illegal action of a mob

Insular Cases

A series of cases between 1901 and 1904 where the Supreme Court ruled that constitutional protection of individual rights didn't fully apply to residents of "insular" territories acquired by the United States in the Spanish-American War, such as Puerto Rico and the Philippines

Edwin Staton

Secretary of War for Lincoln who was a close advisor, his suspension for being a Radical Republican led to the impeachment of Pres. Johnson.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that prohibited the Chinese from entering the US.

Disenfranchisement

Black people being denied the right to vote through methods like literacy tests, poll taxes and the grandfather clause.