Practice Exam Unit 2: Hemostasis, WBC, Innate and Specific immunity and Lymphatic System

Flashcards based on lecture notes about Hemostasis, WBC, Innate and Specific immunity and Lymphatic System

What are examples of physical barriers in immunity?

Skin and mucous membranes

What are examples of chemical mediators?

Histamine, prostaglandins, and interleukins

What are examples of immune cells?

Monocytes and eosinophils

What physiological events occur during inflammation?

Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

What are the main components of innate immunity?

Antibody reaction to antigens, chemotaxis, fever, inflammation

What is the function of regulatory T cells?

Enhance helper and cytotoxic T cell activity

What is an allergic reaction?

An overreaction to a foreign antigen

What does HIV target?

The virus that causes AIDS

What cells are important to the immune system?

Neutrophils, Helper T cells, Cytotoxic T cells, B cells

What are cells that phagocytize foreign antigens and present them with MHC II proteins called?

Antigen presenting cells

What are examples of physical barriers important in innate immunity?

Natural killer cells, macrophages, skin, mucous membranes, interferon, complement, saliva, tears

What mechanisms do antibodies use to affect antigens?

Antibody/antigen binding causes inflammation, antibody binding to antigen blocks its ability to function, antibody/antigen binding activates complement, antibody binding causes clumping of antigens

What cells are associated with the CD8 glycoprotein surface marker?

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte

What cells are associated with the CD4 glycoprotein surface marker?

Helper T lymphocyte

Where do Pre-B cells and Pre-T cells mature?

Bone marrow and Thymus

Autoimmune diseases occur when defense mechanisms attack _ antigens.

Self antigens.

Chemotactic factors attract __ blood cells to a particular site.

White

What type of cell destroys cells containing antigens?

Cytotoxic T cell

Describe innate immunity.

Determined genetically, typically present at birth and demonstrates specifity

MHC class molecules are found on the surface of antigen presenting cells.

II

What is IgG?

Antibody of secondary response

What is IgM?

Antibody of primary response

What is IgA?

Found in saliva, tears, mucus

What is IgE?

Stimulates basophils and mass cells

What is IgD?

Functions as an antigen receptor on B cells

What is the function of cytokines?

Regulates activities of immune cells

A(n) mediated immune response is effective against extracellular antigens.

Antibody

What is a substance that acts as an antigen?

Antigen

How do physical barriers protect from microbes?

Act directly against microbes

How do chemical mediators protect from microbes?

prevent microbes from entering the body

How do immune cells protect from microbes?

Phagocytosis; production of chemical mediators

What are the signs and symptoms of local inflammation?

Hemorrhage, heat, pain, edema, redness

Complement activation results in the attachment of complement proteins to cell surfaces enhancing phagocytosis.

Opsonization

A series of inactive plasma proteins activated through a cascade reaction that will promote inflammation, cell lysis and enhancement of phagocytosis is called

Complement

How do natural killer cells protect the body?

Lysing non-specific virally infected cells, lysing non-specific tumor cells

Where are dust cells found?

Lungs

Where are kupffer cells found?

Liver

Where are microglia cells found?

Central nervous system

What are the mechanisms of innate immunity?

Inflammation, fever following an infection, phagocytosis of a pathogen by a macrophage

Initiation of an immune response typically requires what?

Both the recognition of MHC-I/antigen complex and costimulation

Which of the following describes naturally acquired active immunity?

Being exposed to the influenza virus by a classmate that has the flu

What are the effects of inflammatory mediators within an area of damaged tissue?

Emigration of phagocytes from the blood to the tissue, increased vascular permeability

How does inflammation protect the body?

Increased permeability allows for complement to enter the tissue, promotes vasodilation that brings more phagocytes to the area, stimulate the formation of antibodies that will prevent the spread of infection

What is the primary function of B cells?

Produces antibodies

What is the primary function of Plasma cells?

Becomes a plasma or memory cell

What is the primary function of Cytotoxic T cells?

Destroy cells via lysing or phagocytosis

What is the primary function of Helper T cells?

Activates B cells and cytotoxic T cells

What is the primary function of Dendritic cells or macrophages?

Present antigens to B and T cells

What is the primary function of Regulatory T cells?

Inhibits activity of B cells, T cells

What are the three components of innate immunity?

Physical barriers, chemical mediators, white blood cells

What are the functions of interferons?

Interferons stimulate cells to produce antiviral proteins

What cells produce antibodies?

Plasma cells

The primary cells involved in cell-mediated immunity are __ cells, while cells are involved in antibody mediated immunity.

T, B

During a secondary response, what cell type responds to the exposure to the antigen?

Memory B cells

Cells that display a foreign antigen along with a MHC-II molecule and display the antigen to other immune cells are called what?

Antigen presenting cell

Where does maturation of T cells occur?

Thymus gland

White blood cells, physical barriers and chemical mediators are three components of ___ immunity.

Innate

A chemical that stimulates fever production is a

Pyrogen

What are examples of antigen-presenting cells?

B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells

Which cell phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments on its surface?

Antigen-presenting cell

What are the effects of complement activation?

Enhances phagocytosis, attracts neutrophils, cell lysis

True or False: The membrane attack complex promotes lysing of cells.

True

Excess fluid in the interstitial spaces is collected by what?

Lymphatic capillaries

Below is a list of steps involved in B cell activation and antibody production. Arrange those steps in the correct order:

4, 2, 5, 1, 6, 3

Once a helper T cell has been presented with an antigen and costimulated it will _.

Proliferate (clone)

A(n) mediated immune response is effective against extracellular antigens, such as bacteria, viruses and toxins.

Antibody

The enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin is

Thrombin

Platelets are also referred to as .

Thrombocytes

True or false: There are two reaction pathways that lead to coagulation

True

Name the hemostatic mechanisms.

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting

List the functions of macrophages

Produce histamine, present foreign substances to lymphocytes, produce antibodies, phagocytize dead cells destroy foreign substances

Rank the white blood cells from the most numerous to the least numerous.

1, 5, 4, 3, 2

How many leukocytes are found in a normal sample of blood?

5000 - 10000 WBCs/microliter

List the white blood cells that are classified as granulocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

An accumulation of platelets which seals small vessels is called a(n)

Platelet plug

Name the agranulocytes

Monocytes and lymphocytes

In hemostasis, in what order do the mechanisms occur?

Vascular spasm-->platelet plug formation--> blood clot formation

Place the events associated with blood clots into proper order.

2, 1, 3

What is the first response to a blood vessel injury?

Vascular spasm

What is the function of platelets?

Controls the inflammatory response

What is the function of plasmin?

It converts fibrinogen to fibrin

What compound is found in the granules of eosinophils?

Eosinophils

What is the enzyme secreted by neutrophils to combat bacteria?

Lysozyme

The processes that control the cessation of bleeding are part of

Hemostasis

Basophils release

Histamine and heparin

Many of the factors involved in clot formation require vitamin for their production.

K

Neutrophils represent what proportion of the WBC in a normal blood sample?

60-70%

Leukocytes are attracted to the locations of bacterial infection, cell damage and foreign materials. Their movement in response to these compounds is called

Chemotaxis

Describe coagulation

The interaction of factors in the blood to produce a visible clot

The dissolution of a clot is accomplished by a process called _

Fibrinolyisis

Indicate the function of the compound thrombin.

It converts fibrinogen to fibrin

The specialized lymphatic capillaries that are located in the villi of the small intestine that are specialized to absorb lipids are called

Lacteal

What are primary lymphatic organs?

Site of maturation of lymphocytes

What are secondary lymphatic organs and tissues?

Site of lymphocyte interaction with each other and with antigens

Identify the functions of the lymphatic system

Lipid absorption, fluid balance, defense against pathogens

Organs that are part of the lymphatic system include lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes as well as

Spleen, thymus and tonsils

What is the function of lymphatic capillaries?

Collect excess fluid in the interstitial space

Match the labeled tonsils with the correct name (Pharyngeal tonsil)

A

Match the labeled tonsils with the correct name (Palatine tonsil)

B

Match the labeled tonsils with the correct name (Lingual tonsil)

C