AP Psychology Unit 0 Redesign

5.0(1)
studied byStudied by 23 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/83

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

84 Terms

1
New cards

Psychology

Study of behavior and mental processes

<p>Study of behavior and mental processes</p>
2
New cards

Replicability

Ability to reproduce scientific results

<p>Ability to reproduce scientific results</p>
3
New cards

Critical Thinking

Examining assumptions, biases, and evidence

<p>Examining assumptions, biases, and evidence</p>
4
New cards

Hindsight Bias

Belief in predicting outcomes after learning them

<p>Belief in predicting outcomes after learning them</p>
5
New cards

Confirmation Bias

Tendency to seek info aligning with beliefs

<p>Tendency to seek info aligning with beliefs</p>
6
New cards

Belief Perseverance

Clutching to beliefs despite contrary evidence

<p>Clutching to beliefs despite contrary evidence</p>
7
New cards

Overconfidence

Being more certain than accurate in knowledge

<p>Being more certain than accurate in knowledge</p>
8
New cards

Scientific Method

Process for evaluating ideas with observations

<p>Process for evaluating ideas with observations</p>
9
New cards

Peer Reviewers

Experts evaluating research articles

<p>Experts evaluating research articles</p>
10
New cards

Theory

Explanation organizing observations and predicting events

<p>Explanation organizing observations and predicting events</p>
11
New cards

Hypothesis

Testable prediction implied by a theory

<p>Testable prediction implied by a theory</p>
12
New cards

Falsifiability

Idea that theories can be disproved by observation

<p>Idea that theories can be disproved by observation</p>
13
New cards

Non Experimental Methods

Techniques like case studies and surveys

<p>Techniques like case studies and surveys</p>
14
New cards

Experimental Methods

Involving manipulation of variables

<p>Involving manipulation of variables</p>
15
New cards

Meta Analyses

Studying results of multiple studies for conclusions

<p>Studying results of multiple studies for conclusions</p>
16
New cards

Correlational Research

Describing relationships between variables

<p>Describing relationships between variables</p>
17
New cards

Correlation Coefficient

Measures strength of relationship between variables

<p>Measures strength of relationship between variables</p>
18
New cards

Scatterplot

Graph showing relationship between two variables

<p>Graph showing relationship between two variables</p>
19
New cards

Directionality Problem

Inability to determine cause and effect between variables

<p>Inability to determine cause and effect between variables</p>
20
New cards

Third Variable Problem

Hidden variable impacting studied variables

<p>Hidden variable impacting studied variables</p>
21
New cards

Illusory Correlation

False belief in a relationship between variables

<p>False belief in a relationship between variables</p>
22
New cards

Random Sampling

Selecting a sample from a population randomly

<p>Selecting a sample from a population randomly</p>
23
New cards

Random Assignment

Assigning participants to groups randomly

<p>Assigning participants to groups randomly</p>
24
New cards

Single-Blind Procedure

Participants unaware of their group assignment

<p>Participants unaware of their group assignment</p>
25
New cards

Double-Blind Procedure

Both researchers and participants unaware of group assignments

<p>Both researchers and participants unaware of group assignments</p>
26
New cards

Placebo

Inert treatment given to the control group

<p>Inert treatment given to the control group</p>
27
New cards

Placebo Effect

Behavior change due to expectations from an inert substance

<p>Behavior change due to expectations from an inert substance</p>
28
New cards

Independent Variable

Manipulated variable in an experiment

<p>Manipulated variable in an experiment</p>
29
New cards

Confounding Variable

Factors influencing study outcomes other than the IV

<p>Factors influencing study outcomes other than the IV</p>
30
New cards

Social Desirability Bias

Subjects altering results to please researchers

<p>Subjects altering results to please researchers</p>
31
New cards

Experimenter Bias

Researchers unintentionally skewing results to match beliefs

<p>Researchers unintentionally skewing results to match beliefs</p>
32
New cards

Dependent Variable

Measured outcome variable in an experiment

<p>Measured outcome variable in an experiment</p>
33
New cards

Operational Definition

Specifies procedures to manipulate IV and measure DV

<p>Specifies procedures to manipulate IV and measure DV</p>
34
New cards

Validity

Experiment testing what it's supposed to

<p>Experiment testing what it's supposed to</p>
35
New cards

Quantitative Research

Using numerical data to represent variables

<p>Using numerical data to represent variables</p>
36
New cards

Qualitative Research

Relies on narrative data, not numerical

<p>Relies on narrative data, not numerical</p>
37
New cards

APA Guidelines for Animal Research

Mandates humane care, healthy conditions, and minimal discomfort

<p>Mandates humane care, healthy conditions, and minimal discomfort</p>
38
New cards

Deception in Research

Temporary deception justifiable with thorough debriefing

<p>Temporary deception justifiable with thorough debriefing</p>
39
New cards

Informed Consent

Subjects must agree to participate after being informed

<p>Subjects must agree to participate after being informed</p>
40
New cards

Protection in Research

Ensuring protection from harm, discomfort, and confidentiality

41
New cards

Institutional Review Boards

Comprised of scientists, non-scientists, and community reps to screen ethical concerns

<p>Comprised of scientists, non-scientists, and community reps to screen ethical concerns</p>
42
New cards

Descriptive Statistics

Measuring and describing characteristics of a study group

43
New cards

Histogram

Bar graph displaying frequency distribution

<p>Bar graph displaying frequency distribution</p>
44
New cards

Measures of Central Tendency

Mean, mode, median - describe distribution characteristics

<p>Mean, mode, median - describe distribution characteristics</p>
45
New cards

Inferential Statistics

Data allowing generalization from sample to population

<p>Data allowing generalization from sample to population</p>
46
New cards

Case study

an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

47
New cards

positive correlation

A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction.

48
New cards

negative correlation

the relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other variable decreases

49
New cards

naturalistic observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

50
New cards

Replication

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

51
New cards

standard deviation

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

52
New cards

percentile rank

the percentage of scores below a specific score in a distribution of scores

53
New cards

mean

the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

54
New cards

Median

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

55
New cards

Mode

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

56
New cards

range

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

57
New cards

normal curve

the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.

58
New cards

positively skewed distribution

A distribution where the scores pile up on the left side and taper off to the right.

59
New cards

negatively skewed distribution

A distribution in which most scores pile up at the high end of the scale.

60
New cards

bimodal distribution

a distribution with two modes

61
New cards

regression towards the mean

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average.

62
New cards

Sample

A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole.

63
New cards

population

a group of similar things that a scientist is interested in learning about

64
New cards

representative sample

a sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population as a whole

65
New cards

random sampling

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

66
New cards

convenience sampling

using a sample of people who are readily available to participate

67
New cards

Generalizing

the ability to apply the findings of a particular research project to larger segments of society

68
New cards

experimental group

In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

69
New cards

control group

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

70
New cards

structured interview

a research procedure in which all participants are asked to answer the same questions

71
New cards

Likert scales

ordinal-level scales containing seven points on an agree or disagree continuum

<p>ordinal-level scales containing seven points on an agree or disagree continuum</p>
72
New cards

peer review

a review by people with similar professional qualification

<p>a review by people with similar professional qualification</p>
73
New cards

effect sizes

a measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables or the extent of an experimental effect

<p>a measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables or the extent of an experimental effect</p>
74
New cards

statistical significance

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

<p>a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance</p>
75
New cards

Confidentiality

Respecting the privacy of both parties and keeping details secret

<p>Respecting the privacy of both parties and keeping details secret</p>
76
New cards

Debriefing

the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

<p>the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants</p>
77
New cards

sampling bias

A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn.

<p>A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn.</p>
78
New cards

Placebo Group

A control group of participants who believe they are receiving treatment, but who are only receiving a placebo.

79
New cards

Survey

a non-experimental technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.

80
New cards

Framing

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements.

81
New cards

Social Desirability Bias

bias from people's responding in ways they presume a researcher expects or wishes.

82
New cards

Self-report bias

bias when people report their behavior inaccurately.

83
New cards

Informed assent

Participant's agreement to participate in the absence of full understanding and commonly applies to individuals who have not attained legal majority and/or capacity (under 18)

84
New cards

Confederates

in psychological and social research, a confederate is a person who is working with the experimenter and posing as a part of the experiment, but the subjects are not aware of this affiliation