Biology II Exam

DNA and RNA, They replicate, have an outer protein coat, macromolecules, proteins, Acellular (no cells) , much smaller than even most bacteria, can’t reproduce on their own, can’t carry out metabolic functions, don’t process energy

What are the 10 things that viruses have?

Capsid

Protein shell enclosing nucleic acid, built from subunits called capsomers.

Viral Envelope

And some viruses only, common in animal viruses, made mostly from host membranes, wraps virus during exocytosis

Capsid

What is 1?

Viral Core

What is 2?

Capsomer

What is 3?

Viral Envelope

What is 4?

Tabacco mosaic virus (TMV)

First confirmed virus, Wendall Stanley, 1935

Phages aka Bacteriophage

Viruses that infect bacteria, have most complex viral capsids, elongated head, enclosed DNA, and tailpiece for attachment and DNA injection

A bacterial cell will divide by binary vision. Each daughter cell will contain a copy of the phage genome known as prophage

What is true of the lysogenic phage replicative lifecycle?

Viral core with DNA, capsule protein coat

From inside to outside the structure of a typical phage would be?

TMV, Wendall Stanley

The first confirmed virus was _______ and was shown to exist by _________

Viruses are typically much larger than bacteria or animals

Choose the incorrect statement

Can evolve, have genetic material

Which of the following characteristics of life do viruses have? choose all that apply

Can evolve, process energy, have cells, carry out metabolic functions, have genetic material

Attachment, replication, transcription, self assembly (release)

What are the four major parts in active replication cycle

Attachment and Lytic

What life cycle is this called and what does 2 represent?

Entry of phages DNA and Degration of DNA

What is 3?

Synthesis of viral genomes and proteins

What is 4?

Assembly

What is 5?

Lysogenic cycle

Viral DNA molecule is Incorporated into host DNA as a prophage segment, every time the host divides it copies the prophage and passes the copies to daughter cells

Kills viruses

What does the lytic cycle do?

Bacteriophage

What virus is this?

Influenza

What virus is this?

Adenovirus

What virus is this?

TMV

What virus is this?

DNA or RNA and Single stranded or double

What are the classification methods for animal viruses?

SSRNA Virus

Example of animal viral replication

Transcription

Reverse transcription

DNA → RNA

RNA → DNA

May release lysosome enzymes, virals proteins may be toxic, may cause host cell to make toxins

What 3 things could viral diseases in animals do?

Vaccines

Harmless components of pathogens to stimulate the immune system

Active but weaken viruses, inactivate viruses or viral subcomponents, boost immune system if already infected, increases MRNA is increased so body can make harmless viral subcomponents

What 4 things does vaccines do?

Diseases in plants

72000 known, most have RNA, horizontal and vertical transmission

Vertical transmission

From parent to offspring

Horizontal transmission

Between non- related hosts (of the same species)

Prions

Infectious proteins in animals, converts other proteins to wrong shape, lay latent for decades, cause large vacuoles in brain

Nucleic acid and proteins

What do macromolecules do Viruses contain

Bacteria and archaea.

What types of cells do phages infect

Lytic cycle

Lysogenic cycle

A cycle that kills the wholesale immediately to make copies

A cycle that hides a viral DNA inside the whole cell to replicate silently without killing it

Genetic material and Structural features

How are animal viruses classified?

Yes, in viruses have an envelope because animal cells, lack rigid cell walls, making it easy for viruses to exit

Do animal viruses have a viral envelope?

Non-functional part

A vaccine component in which uses a completely killed virus or a harmless piece of it so it cannot replicate it at all

Viable

A vaccine component in which uses a live virus that has been leaking in a lab, so it multiplies slightly, but cannot cause disease

Single stranded

A viroid contains what type of genetic material

Lynn Marguils in 1960s

Who discovered the endosymbiosis theory

Endosymbiosis

One cell engulfed another cell and live inside each other, the evolved overtime until they could no longer live separately, they shared genetic control of mutualistic pathway to produce ATP

Protists

Not a valid tax or, paraphletic group 37,000 of them

Protozoans

Around for at least 2.7 billion years, most are unicellular but not all, discovered by Leeuwenhook in 1674

Protozoans

Contains nuclei, mitochondria, linear chromosomes, mitosis, sexual reproduction, complex Cytoskeleton, contractile vacuole, extrusomes

Contractile vacuole

Maintains osmotic balance, collects water by tubes, discharges by pore

Vacuoles extrusomes

Organelles, objecting toxins, mucus, adhesive, anchors, or spikes

Cilia, flagella, pseudopdia

What are the three protozoan movement types

flagellum

Whip like projection mid speed

Cilia

oar like projection fastest

Psueudopdia

Looks like a splatter slowest

Mixotrophs, photoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs

What are the three protozoan nutrition?

Photoautotroph

Organisms that capture light energy via chloroplasts to manufacture their own organic nutrients like sugar from carbon dioxide

Chemo heterotrophs

Organisms that cannot make their own food and must absorb or consume organic nutrients from the environment for both energy and carbon

mixotroph

Organisms that are both Photoautotrophic and heterotrophic they can photosynthesize or consume food, depending on whether light and nutrients are available

conjugation (sexual)

Fusion to exchange DNA

Syngamy (sexual)

Union of gameter

Fission (asexual)

Splitting or breaking something into two or more parts

budding (asexual)

Beginning to develop, grow, or show promise of future success

Photo

Energy source, light

Auto

Carbon source, co2

Troph

Feeder/ eater

Endosymbiosis

A unicellular organism involves another cell, which becomes a endosymbiont

Endosymbiosis theory

Organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are atrophied endosymbionts

Mitochondria

Example of endosymbiotic theory

Supergroup Excavata

Has a asymmetric deep feeding groove on one side includes Diplomonads, parabasalids, euglenozoans

Supergroup Chromalveolata

Split into two branches: Alveolates (sacs under membrane) and stramenopiles (one hairy one smooth flagellum)

Viroids

Small, naked circular RNA molecules infecting plants