Studied by 27 people
Define Emergency medical services (EMS) system
A network of community resources and medical personnel
What is the purpose of EMS?
bring rapid medical care to a victim with a life-threatening injury or illness
The survival and recovery of critically injured or ill victims depends on:
Early recognition and response
Early activation of the EMS system
Care provided until more advanced medical personnel take over
Pre-hospital care provided by advanced medical personnel
Hospital care
Rehabilitation
A lay responder is:
someone who has not been professionally trained to a higher level of medical care.
What is the bystander effect?
The bystander effect is the social theory that states individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim in the presence of other people (great number of people, the less likely they are to help).
a professional responder is:
Someone who is trained with a duty to act
When a lay responder calls 911 to activate EMS, what information should they provide?
Name
Describe the situation
Number of individuals involved
Location and directions
What treatment is being given
Wait for a dispatcher to tell you what to do
What should you do until advanced personnel arrive?
Stay with the victim
Monitor the situation
Adjust care as needed
Inform advanced personnel
What are examples of professional rescuers?
police officers
Fire fighters
Lifeguards
Athletic trainers
A professional rescuer must keep what current?
Their certification
Knowledge of new issues and developments in emergency care
Who handles pre hospital care?
Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTS)
Describe the differences between EMT-Basic, EMT-intermediate, and paramedics
EMT-Basics are responsible for providing basic emergency treatment for respiratory, trauma, and cardiac emergencies. EMT-intermediates are trained to administer some medications and intravenous fluids. Paramedics provide advanced medical care for critical patients with sophisticated medical equipment and about 30 types of drugs.
Who cares for a patient when they arrive at a hospital?
Physicians, nurses, medical specialists, and other health care professionals
What is the purpose of rehabilitation?
Return the victim to their previous state of health
What are the two umbrella groupings within sports medicine?
Human performance and injury management
What roles fall under the human performance group of sports medicine?
Exercise physiology, biomechanics, sport psychology, sports nutrition, and sports massage
What roles fall under the injury management group of sports medicine?
practice of medicine
Sports physical therapy
Athletic training
Who is most directly responsible for all phases of health care in an athletic environment?
Athletic trainer
What are the main roles of an athletic trainer?
injury prevention, providing initial first aid and injury management, evaluating injuries, designing and supervising rehabilitation
Athletic trainer works under direct supervision of a:
team physician
What are some roles of the team physician?
Serves to advise and supervise the athletic trainer
Compiling medical histories and conducting physical exams (pre-participation screenings)
Diagnosing an injury
Deciding on disqualifications
Who has the final say on when an athlete returns to competition following injury?
Team physician
True or false; fitness professionals exemplify the relationship between performance enhancement and injury prevention
True
Sports medicine team is part of the _______ in athletic settings
EMS System
Who works through emergency situations, as well as assisting in injury prevention and rehabilitation?
Sports medicine team
What are the three key things to remember in regards to an emergency action plan?
Provide steps and guidance for what to do in an emergency situation
Should be reviewed at least once per year with all involved personnel
Helps to ensure that the best possible care is provided in an emergency
What should an emergency action plan include?
Venue directions (map)
Emergency personnel
Emergency communication
Emergency equipment
First responder roles
What are blood borne pathogens?
Bacteria and viruses present in blood and bodily fluids, which can cause disease in humans
What are the 3 most common blood borne pathogens?
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
What is hepatitis B?
liver infection resulting in swelling, soreness, and loss of normal liver function
Signs include flulike symptoms, fatigue, weakness, nausea, headache, fever, possible jaundice
Prevented by 3 part vaccination process over 6 months
What is hepatitis C?
liver disease caused by the Hep C virus
Most common blood borne infection in the US (3-5 million cases, 67% infected with HCV develop liver disease)
No vaccinations or treatment
What percentage of Hep C victims show no symptoms?
80%
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV):
virus that causes AIDS
No vaccine, currently treated with “drug coctails”
What are the 4 conditions that must be met for a pathogen to spread?
Pathogen is present
Pathogen passes through correct entry site
Person is susceptible to pathogen
Sufficient quantity is present to cause disease
What are 3 ways a pathogen can spread?
Direct contact: infected bodily fluids from one person enter another’s body
Indirect contact: person touches and object that contains bodily fluid from an infected person
Droplet and vector borne transmission: person inhales droplets (like from a cough/sneeze), or skin is penetrated by an infections source (bite, sting, etc)
Who created universal precautions to protect against the spread of blood borne pathogens?
OSHA
What are the universal precautions to prevent blood borne pathogens?
Hand hygiene
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Work practice controls
Equipment cleaning and disinfecting
What is the most effective measure to prevent the spread of infection?
Hand washing
When should you use alcohol based sanitizers?
When soap and water are not available
Hands are not visibly soiled
What are examples of personal protective equipment?
disposable gloves
Gown
Mask
Protective eyewear
Breathing barriers
What are the workplace controls for blood borne pathogens?
Disposing of sharps in puncture resistant, leakproof, labeled containers
Avoid splashing, spraying, and spattering of infectious materials
Removing and disposing of soiled protective equipment
Cleaning and disinfecting all soiled equipment and surfaces
Not eating, drinking, smoking, applying cosmetics, or touching body area in environments where exposure is possible
Isolating contaminated areas
Define liability
The state of being responsible for harm
What is the scope of Practice?
The treatment that someone is allowed to provide based on their state and professionally dictated qualifications
True or false: The certification for CPR/AED for adult, child, and infant is different.
True
What is the standard of care?
The minimum level of care: communicate proper info to prevent injury, recognize the victim in need, attempt to rescue, and provide emergency care
What is negligence?
When you fail to do something someone with your same level of certification would do.
In order for there to be negligence, these 3 need to be in play:
Duty of care: you have a legal responsibility as you are certified and able to provide care
The standard of reasonable care was not met (ex within scope of practice, feel short to prevent further injury)
Damages; harm. This is the most important part if someone is being sued for negligence
What are the 3 types of torts?
Nonfeasance: act of omission; forgetting to do something
Malfeasance; act of commission; committing an act that is not under your qualification or certification
Misfeasance; incorrect; doing something improperly, even when you have the qualifications to do it
True or false; training supersedes the Good Samaritan law
True
What is the Good Samaritan law?
encourages those with no duty to provide care to help in an emergency situation. They must
act within their scope of practice
Act in good faith
Not be negligent
Not expect anything in return
Duty of Care is a:
legal responsibility
What must you state when obtaining consent from a conscious adult or parent of a minor?
Name
Level of training
Ask permission to help
Explain suspected condition
Explain plan of care
What do you have if the victim is unconscious or a parent is not available to gain consent?
implied consent
What do you do if someone refuses care?
Call EMS and document!
Inform victim why they need care and what might happen if they don’t receive it
Always stay with them (don’t touch them)
May lead to battery if you do something despite their refusal
If the victim falls unconscious, implied consent will allow you to act
You could be held responsible for abandonment, unless:
The scene becomes unsafe
You are too tired to continue
The victim shows obvious signs of life
What is the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996?
HIPAA protects individually identifiable health information such as name, DOB, medications, test results, address, SSN, etc. Do not share any information regarding physical/mental health, providing or payment for health care that could identify a person.
Why should you always document everything?
helps medical personnel treat a patient following your care
Help create future preventative plans and protocols
Can protect you in the case of a lawsuit
Who should you ask for forms to protect yourself agains a lawsuit following emergency care?
Hospital or EMS
What are the 5 major body cavities?
cranial
Spinal
Thoracic
Adbominal
Pelvic
What is the purpose of the respiratory system?
To allow oxygen into the body and release CO2
What is the normal respiration rate for a resting adult and a resting child?
12-16 per minute for an adult
18-30 per minutes for a school aged child
What is the purpose of the circulatory system?
carrying oxygenated blood throughout the body
What is the purpose of the nervous system?
Transmit signals, and regulate the body
It is the most complex of all the body‘s systems
What are the components of blood?
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma
What is the purpose of the musculoskeletal system?
support the body
Protect the organs
Allow movement
Store minerals
Produce RBC
Produce heat
What is the purpose of the integumentary system?
(Skin)
Protection
Cooling
What is the purpose of the endocrine system?
regulatory system
Pituitary gland regulates growth
Thyroid regulates metabolism and nervous system
Pancras is responsible for insulin
Adrenal gland regulates sympathetic nervous system through hormone release
What is the purpose of the digestive system?
Provides the body with electrolytes, water, and energy
Eliminates waste
What is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure?
systolic pressure is the maximum pressure the heart exerts while beating, while diastolic pressure is the amount of pressure in the arteries between beats.
What is the age range of a victim by age for respiratory trauma?
Adult is 12 and over
Child is 1-12
Infant is below 1
What is the age range of a victim by age for cardiac/AED trauma?
Adult is 9 and above
Child is 1-8
Infant is below 1
What are the 3 important steps to follow in an emergency?
Size up the scene
Perform a primary assessment
Summon advanced medical professional
True or false: care is the same for all ages of victim
False
What should you do when sizing up a scene?
use a careful and systematic approach that utilizes all of your senses quickly
Ensure safety
Identity necessary PPE
Determine MOI
Determine number of victims
Identify if helps is necessary
What is a primary assessment?
used to assess and correct life threatening situations
Activate EMS
What are the ABCs ?
airway
Breathing
Circulation
What are things to note in a primary assessment for an unconscious athlete?
Position
Responsiveness
Equipment considerations
ABCs
Provide care as determined
True or false: you should always remove equipment from an injured athlete to treat them
False; if possible, always leave equipment on
What are the 4 steps of performing a primary assessment?
Are the conscious?
Are they breathing?
Do they have a pulse?
Is there bleeding and is it severe?
How should you check for alertness?
Tap, shout, tap
AVPU
What is the AVPU scale?
a scale used to assess alertness
Alert
Verbal
Painful
Unresponsive
What are the two ways to open an airway?
Head tilt chin lift
Jaw thrust (for when there is a suspected head/neck/spine injury?
True or false: when in doubt, assume there was a head, neck, or spinal injury.
True
How long should it take you to check for breathing?
No longer than 10 seconds
True or false: agonal gasps count as breathing
False
What are agonal gasps indicative of?
a cardiac issue
What pulse points should be used for adults and children?
carotid/radial for adult/children
Brachial for infants
What type of victims should be given two ventilations if found not breathing?
Drowning victims
Victims of hypoxia (low levels of oxygen)
Children and infants
What are the steps of giving ventilations?
Position and seal the resuscitation mask
Open the airway and blow into the mask
How often should ventilations be given?
For an adult, 1 every 5 seconds
For a child, 1 every 3
Ventilation should last about 1 second and make the chest clearly rise and fall
What are 3 recovery positions?
Face up (maintain open airway)
Modified HAINES (High arm in endangered spine)
Infant recovery position
When should you call before giving care?
if there is any cardiac condition
Time dependent
Unconscious adult
Unconscious infant/child with a cardiac condition
When should you provide care before calling?
breathing emergency
Drowning
Cardiac arrest
Drug overdosE
When should you move a victim?
When the scene becomes unsafe
Reaching another victim
Need to provide proper care elsewhere
What is a normal BPM for a resting adult or child?
60-80 for adults
80-100 for children
What is a normal respiration rate for a child and adult?
12 per minute for adults
20-25 for children
What vital signs do you need to check for in a secondary assessment?
Pulse
Respiration
Blood pressure
Temperature
Skin color
Pupils
State of consciousness
How do you measure blood pressure?
with a sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff)
What is a normal blood pressure?
115-120 mmHg over 60-80 mmHg
Note 
Flashcard (26)