Research EBP Exam #1 (Chapter 1 and 2)

Clinical nursing research

Research designed to guide nursing practice and improve client care

Evidence-based practice (EBP)

Integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient preferences and values in making clinical decisions

Research utilization

Use of knowledge typically based on a single study in a practical application

Time to translate research

It takes approximately 17 years to translate research findings into clinical practice

Florence Nightingale

Pioneer of nursing research in the 1850s whose systematic observations on cleanliness reduced soldier mortality

Evidence

Collection of facts that are believed to be true

External evidence

Rigorous research generated to generalize findings across settings such as randomized controlled trials or cohort studies

Internal evidence

Evidence generated through practice initiatives such as quality improvement or outcomes management projects

Step 0 of EBP

Cultivate a spirit of inquiry

Step 1 of EBP

Ask a burning clinical question in a PICOT format that will yield the best evidence

Step 2 of EBP

Search for and collect the most relevant and best evidence to answer the question

Step 3 of EBP

Critically appraise the evidence for validity reliability and applicability then synthesize the evidence

Step 4 of EBP

Integrate the evidence with one's clinical expertise and patient preferences

Step 5 of EBP

Evaluate outcomes or assess the effectiveness of the practice decision or intervention

Step 6 of EBP

Disseminate the outcomes of the EBP decision or change

PICOT acronym

Framework where P is Population or patient I is Intervention C is Comparison O is Outcome and T is Time frame

Prevention format PICOT question

Template asking if an intervention reduces or increases the risk of an outcome compared with a comparison in a population

Etiology format PICOT question

Template asking if a population with an exposure or intervention is at risk for an outcome compared with those without

Therapy format PICOT question

Template asking for the effect of an intervention on an outcome compared with a comparison within a specified time frame

Prognosis format PICOT question

Template asking if an intervention versus comparison influences an outcome in patients with a specific condition

Meaning format PICOT question

Qualitative template asking how a population perceives an experience or intervention

Appraisal of evidence

Evaluation of study validity clinical importance precision of estimates associated costs and clinical utility

Pilot test

Trial run of an EBP innovation on select units to evaluate feasibility staff training and outcome data before full implementation

Evidence hierarchy

Pyramidal ranking of evidence sources based on their strength and risk of bias

Level I evidence

Highest level of evidence consisting of systematic reviews or meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials

Level II evidence

Evidence obtained from individual randomized controlled trials

Level III evidence

Evidence obtained from nonrandomized controlled trials or quasi-experiments

Level IV evidence

Evidence obtained from systematic reviews of nonexperimental observational studies

Level V evidence

Evidence obtained from individual nonexperimental or observational studies

Level VI evidence

Evidence obtained from systematic reviews or metasyntheses of qualitative studies

Level VII evidence

Evidence obtained from individual qualitative or descriptive studies

Level VIII evidence

Evidence obtained from nonresearch sources such as internal quality data or expert opinion

Organizational EBP triggers

Clinical practice triggers arising from pressing clinical problems or new existing research knowledge

Implementation potential assessment

Evaluation of an EBP innovation's transferability feasibility and cost-benefit ratio

Goals of nursing research

Promoting EBP ensuring professional credibility providing accountability and documenting cost-effectiveness

Empirical data

Objective facts and information gathered directly through the human senses

Scientific method

Systematic and disciplined inquiry process that relies on empirical data unbiased observation and control measures

Consumer of research

Nurse who reads evaluates and applies research findings in clinical practice

Producer of research

Nurse who actively designs conducts and undertakes research studies

Basic research

Investigation designed to extend information and generate new knowledge for knowledge's sake

Applied research

Investigation designed to discover solutions to immediate clinical or practical problems

Paradigm

Worldview or general perspective on the complexities of the real world

Assumption

Principle or belief taken to be true without formal verification

Positivist paradigm

Paradigm assuming that an objective reality exists independent of human observation and driven by natural causes

Determinism

Positivist belief that natural phenomena are not haphazard but caused by antecedent factors

Quantitative research

Method allied with positivism that gathers numeric empirical evidence using structured deductive procedures

Generalizability

Ability to apply quantitative study findings to individuals beyond the study sample

Constructivist paradigm

Paradigm assuming that reality is multiple subjective and mentally constructed by individuals within contexts

Qualitative research

Method allied with constructivism that collects rich narrative information through flexible emergent designs

Deductive reasoning

Logical process used in quantitative research moving from general theories to specific hypothesis testing

Inductive reasoning

Logical process used in qualitative research moving from specific observations to hypothesis generation

Identification purpose

Research purpose addressing what a phenomenon is or what it is named

Description purpose

Research purpose measuring the prevalence or characteristics of a phenomenon

Exploration purpose

Research purpose investigating factors related to a phenomenon or its full nature

Prediction and control purpose

Research purpose determining if one phenomenon follows another or can be prevented

Explanation purpose

Research purpose determining the underlying causes or true meaning of a phenomenon

Systematic review

Rigorous synthesis of research findings from multiple primary studies on a specific question

Meta-analysis

Quantitative technique that statistically combines the results of multiple primary quantitative studies

Meta-synthesis

Qualitative technique that integrates and interprets findings across multiple primary qualitative studies

Clinical expertise

Knowledge gained through professional training clinical experience and interdisciplinary knowledge sharing

Patient preferences and values

Unique patient circumstances values and preferences integrated into clinical EBP decision-making

Clinical significance

Degree of practical or clinical importance of research findings to patients and practice

Disciplined research

Best available method for acquiring reliable and trustworthy knowledge for nursing practice