UMD KNES 370 Exam 1

UMD KNES 370 Exam 1 Lectures 1-7 flashcards

Motor Development

study of changes in
motor behavior across the lifespan, the processes that underlie these changes, and the factors that influence them

Motor Control

The functioning of
the neuromuscular system to
activate and coordinate the
muscles and limbs involved in the
performance of a motor skill

Motor Learning

Relatively permanent changes in Motor skill capability associated with practice or experience

Motor Milestone

First Appearance of a type of motor behavior

Neuromaturational Perspective

Motor behavior develops as a result of maturational
processes — simple growth of nerve circuits, apparently
unfolding inevitably, and requiring no specific intervention.

Gestational Age

Time since the first day of the mothers last period (age before birth)

Chronological Age

Time since birth

Corrected Age

Time since due date (Chronological age-weeks born prematurely)

Dynamical Systems Perspective

Motor behavior emerges as a result of the interactions between the organism, environment, and task constraints

Stability

A behavior is stable if it may return to normal function following a small perturbation

Perturbation

A time varying factor that affects motor behavior

Attractor

a stable movement pattern

Types of Perturbations

internal (processing) or external (bumped into/surface variation)

Dynamical Systems vs Neuromaturational

Dynamical systems perspective emphasizes that
• The brain does not dictate behavior
• Developmental changes in other body systems are also
important
• The environment and task constraints are also important
• Changes in individual, environment
and task constraints interact
to produce developmental
changes

Constraint

a characteristic of an organism, environment, or task that limits some motor behavior while encouraging others

Individual Constraint

a characteristic of a persons unique physical and mental characteristics (height, weight, muscle size/strength)

Task constraints

Constraints outside of the organism and specific to the task (rules of the sport or properties of the equipment)

Environmental constraints

Properties of the environment not specific to the task (temperature, ground surface, sociocultural environment)

Rate limiter

a constraint that hold back or slows the emergence of a motor behavior

Transduction

conversion of one form of energy into another

Sensation

the initial neural activity triggered by a stimulus

Perception

Extraction of meaning from sensation (brain selecting, processing, and organizing information)

Perception-Action Cycle

Visual Acuity

Ability to perceive fine visual patterns (Bad @ birth, declines from 20-50 rapidly)

Visual accommodation

The ability to change focus between near and far objects (None @ birth, best @ 7-10 inches away, no vision past 20 inches @ birth, normal by six months)

Presbyopia

Diminished ability to focus on nearby objects

Vestibular System

-Detects rotation of head, linear acceleration, orientation of head to vertical

-Begins functioning before birth, first sensory system

-Loss of function due to aging

Cutaneous Sensation (skin)

-pressure, temp, loss of spacial acuity/pressure threshold with age

-Larger gap needed for older adults

Proprioception

-Spindles detect rate of change of muscle length, declines with age

-Decline in perception of static joint position w age

Bodily growth

-Cephacaudal growth

-Head proportion decreases, leg increases

Sarcopenia

age related muscle loss (positive feedback loop)

Myelination

-Myelin sheaths form on axons during development

-VOR reflex nerves myelinated first

Nature (Heredity)

Genetic transmission of characteristics

Environment (nurture)

factors of your environment (family, friends, education, region)

Preadaptation

The predisposition to learn specific motor skills such as crawling

Experience-Expectant Development

Development that depends on typical interactions with the environment (sensory stimulus to mature senses)

Experience-dependent devlopment

development that depends on interactions withs ones environmental surroundings which are not the same for all

Johnny and Jimmy Study

-Fraternal twins with different motor stimulus each day

-Johnny had more motor exposure, developed more skills

-study flawed by non-identical twins, low sample size, and the twins shared a home experience

Blind Vs. Sighted infants

Blind reach milestones significantly later only for raising self up and walking across room alone

Sensitive Period

a time during development where specific stimuli is needed for optimal or typical development to occur

Sleeper effect

When evidence for a sensitive period emerges only long after the sensitive period ends

No sensitive period

Sensitive Period with no sleeper effect

sensitive period with sleeper effect

Kokwet infants were not taught to___? But, they ___ earlier than US infants.

Kokwet infants were not taught to roll over or crawl. But, they sat, stood, and walked earlier than US infants.

True or False: Jamaican infants tended not to crawl before walking at higher rates than English infants

True

True or False: active exercise practices led to quicker achievement of walking and longer retention of walking reflex in infants

True

Compensation period

time in motor development where an individual compensates for adverse change in an individual constraint (ex:injury)

Types of compensation

Injury or age associated

Age related changes after young adulthood follow what acronym

Cumulative, Universal, Progressive, Intrinsic, Deleterious (CUPID)

Attributes of successful aging

Free of disease, socially engaged, productive, high cognitive and physical levels

Early motor development involves what changing constraints?

Change from amniotic fluid and uterine walls to full gravity without uterine walls

Spontaneous movements

movements not elicited by any known external stimulus

Rhythmic Stereotypies

Spontaneous rhythmic movements

Patellar tendon reflex (knee jerk) is a __ reflex

lifetime

Reflex

Stereotypical response to a stimulus

Palmar grasp reflex is a ___ reflex

primitive

The primitive babinski reflex is characterized by what?

Fanning of the toes from stroking of the sole

The primitive galant reflex is characterized by what?

curving of body to the side being stroked while held in the air

The primitive moro reflex is characterized by what?

arm extension and retraction from suddenly falling backwards

The primitive rooting reflex is characterized by what?

Opening the mouth and turning to stroking near lip

The primitive sucking reflex is characterized by what?

sucking when the lips make contact with an item

The primitive asymmetric tonic neck reflex is characterized by what?

Limb extension on the face side and limb flexion on the opposite when the head turns

The primitive symmetric tonic neck reflex is characterized by what?

arm extension and leg flexion when head is extended, reverse when head is flexed

Locomotor Relexes

Moving in place reflexes (often disappear before real motor skill occurs)

The locomotor stepping reflex is characterized by what?

Feet “walking” when held up and touching floor

The locomotor swimming reflex is characterized by what?

Swimming like movements when placed horizontal or in water

Postural Reflex

Helps maintain posture and often evolves cumulatively

The postural labyrinthine righting reflex is characterized by what?

Infant moving head to upright position when angled

The postural parachute reflex is characterized by what?

Extending the legs or arms to balance themself when falling

The postural landau reflex is characterized by what?

Head up, feet up, head down, feet down