KINE 406 Ch. 2

Process by which meaning is attached to sensory information

Perception

What are the 2 approaches for explaining the nature of perception?

• Information processing model

• Ecological approach

What does the information processing model contain?

• Input

• Decision making

• Execution

Situational factors, approach of kicker, foot used to kick ball, ball trajectory characteristics: pertains to input, decision making, or execution?

Input

Perceive/interpret input, compare with existing memory stores, decide where ball is likely to go, select response to intercept: pertains to input, decision making, or execution?

Decision making

Organize and execute selected response: pertains to input, decision making, or execution?

Execution

• Action possibilities of the environment/task in relation to the perceiver’s capabilities

• Perception of the environment/task in terms of the actions the perceiver can potentially exert on it

Affordances

Reciprocal relationship between perception and action

Ecological approach to perception

Brief time lag between (1) the moment when a stimulus is presented and (2) the initiation of a response

Reaction time

What makes up reaction time?

Movement and response time

Interval between the initiation of the movement and its completion

Movement time

The moment when a stimulus is presented to when a response is completed

Response time

What is reaction time influenced by?

• number of response choices

• levels of uncertainty

• anticipation

• foreperiod consistency

• psychological refractory period

• stimulus-response compatibility

Choice reaction time is logarithmically related to the number of response choice alternatives: pertains to which law?

Hick’s law

• Increased uncertainty leads to delayed or inaccurate responses (Hick’s law)

• Practitioners should be aware of strategies that can reduce uncertainty

Controlling levels of uncertainty

Anticipation involves predicting what event will occur

Event anticipation

When an event will occur

Temporal anticipation

A signal or hint given before a main event, stimulus, or action takes place

Precue

The deliberate presentation of false precues

Deception

Attempt to hide or delay the onset of precues

Disguise

What can practice do for anticipation?

Help learners better anticipate what will happen and when

Watching opponents to analyze their techniques in advance

Scouting

The interval of time between presentation of a signal and the stimulus

Foreperiod

What is the foreperiod range?

1-4 seconds

The extent to which a stimulus and its required response are naturally related

Stimulus-response compatibility

T/F: When stimulus-response compatibility is low, additional time is needed to prepare a response

True

What may response delays be a result of?

Slow decision making, slow movement execution or a combination of both

Executing a predetermined change of direction in a predictable environment

Planned agility

Requires an athlete to rapidly perceive, process, and respond to an unpredictable external stimulus in real-time

Reactive agility

Psychological refractory period

Response delay to a second stimulus presented closely after a first