Seipp AP Lang Final

Speaker

S

Purpose

P

Audience

A

Context

C

Exigence

E

Choices

C

Appeals

A

Tone

T

Ethos

credibility appeal

Pathos

emotional appeal

Logos

logical appeal

Rhetorical Triangle

A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text.

Rhetoric

thoughtful, reflective activity leading to effective communication, including the rational exchange of different viewpoints

Claim

an assertion or proposition that states the argument's main idea or position

How is a claim different than a topic?

claims must be arguable; arguable claims must be stated in a complete sentence

Claim of fact

assert that something is true or not true

Claim of value

(most common type of claim) assets that something is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable

Claim of policy

asserts that a change should be made

What must a thesis be to be effective?

clear, unambiguous, and identify the main points the writer intends to make

Closed thesis

a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points a writer intends to make

Open thesis

A statement that does not list all the points covered in the essay

Counterargument Thesis

a statement of the counterargument precedes the writer's opinion; usually begins with "although" or "but."

Evidence should always be what three things?

relevant, accurate, and sufficient

Logical fallacies

fallacies are potential vulnerabilities or weakness in an argument

Fallacies of Relevance

occurs when the speaker skips to a new and irrelevant topic in order to avoid the topic of discussion

Red Herring

comes from evidence that is irrelevant to the claim

Ad hominem

(type of red herring) the diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker

Faulty analogy

analogies are vulnerable types of evidence because you are trying to compare two unlike things for effect, but in some cases, they simply are not comparable.

Fallacies of Accuracy

using evidence that is either intentionally or unintentionally inaccurate

Straw Man fallacy

when a speaker chooses to use aa deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an opponent's viewpoint

Either/or Fallacy (False dilemma)

when the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices

Fallacies of Insufficiency

the most common of all fallacies occurs when evidence is insufficient

Hasty Generalization

when there is not enough evidence to support a particular conclusion

Circular Reasoning

involves repeating the claim as aa way to provide evidence, resulting in no evidence at all

First-hand evidence

evidence that is accessed through observation

Second-hand evidence

evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation

Quantitative evidence

this type of evidence includes things that can be represented in numbers: statistics, surveys, polls, census information

Bandwagon

a fallacy based on the assumption that the opinion of the majority is always valid: that is, everyone believes it, so you should too. (appeal to popularity or ad populum)

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

a fallacy in which one event is said to be the cause of a later event simply because it occurred earlier; correlation does not equal causation

Induction

arranging an argument so that it leads from particulars to universals, using specific cases to draw a conclusion

Deduction

when you reach a conclusion by starting with aa general principle or universal truth and applying it to a specific case

Rogerian Argument

based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating

Toulmin Model

an approach to argument that uncovers assumptions that underlie arguments