AMH 20: The American Empire

What were the reasons for American Empire?

• World markets

• Capital investments

• Military protection

• European example

• Manifest Destiny & the West?

• Responsibility & “Burden”

• Christian missionaries

President McKinley promised new markets (World markets). What was the difference between before and after the Industrial Revolution?

1860: exported $316 million

→

1900: $1.37 billion

What was the difference in capital investments before and after the Industrial Revolution?

1860: U.S. has nothing invested in the rest of the world

→

1900: $500 million

The U.S. has to protect these new capital investments. What was started?

Modern U.S. Navy:

• 1833

  • USS Chicago

  • USS Atlanta

  • USS Boston

• Very small compared to the rest of the world

The U.S. is late in the game when it comes to empire. What do they have to do?

Follow by European example

What two men wrote about the responsibility & “burden” that came along with expanding?

• Kipling: “White Man’s Burden”

  • There is a responsibility and burden that comes along with expanding

• Labouchere: “Brown Man’s Burden”

  • What is the responsibility and burden?

How are christian missionaries involved in American Empire?

It is the 3rd Great Awakening

Who moved to Hawaii in 1820?

2 missionaries out of Boston

What was Hawaii involved in when the missionaries arrived and what was done?

• Hawaii had been a port in the opium trade

• SA & crime at the port

• Missionaries do everything they can to stop this

Who was King Kalakaua?

The king of Hawaii

Why did Hawaii request to be annexed in 1842 and what did the U.S. say?

• Wanted to keep the U.S. protection

• The U.S. said no, it’s to expensive

  • “We like having a relationship with you, we’ll buy more stuff from you”

    • Sugar

    • Coffee

What was the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 signed by Grant & King Kalakua?

“The U.S. & Hawaii will give reciprocity to each other.”

• Exclusive relationship

  • Encourages investments

How much sugar & coffee land did investors buy up and what right did they have if they owned land in Hawaii?

• $20 million worth of sugar & coffee land

• $25 million/year

• The right to vote=have control

What was the private security company that the investors started?

Bayonet Militia

Blaine hosted the Pan-American Conference of 1889 in D.C.. What was it for?

Blaine wanted reciprocity from 18 Central/South American countries

• Was just a bunch of parties

After King Kalakaua dies in 1891 his sister, Queen Liliuokalani takes the throne. What does she do?

She is upset about the U.S. & Hawaii relationship

• She changes the Hawaii constitution on who can vote

  • Have to be Hawaiian

• She threatens investors with eminent domain without compensation

What events occurred on January 17, 1893?

Safety Committee stands in front of the door at ‘Iolani Palace and read a note what deposed the Queen

• The threat is not the committee, it is the 162 Marine members behind them

Queen gives up her throne

After the coup détente in 1893 Hawaii becomes the Republic of Hawaii. Who was the leader and what did he do?

• Sanford Dole is the President

• Asked President Cleveland to annex Hawaii

  • Cleveland says no but he will recognize the change in power

When did Hawaii get annexed, gain U.S. citizenship, and become the 50th state?

1898: Annexed by President McKinley

1900: Hawaiians gained U.S. citizenship

1959: Hawaii becomes the 50th state

From 1868-1878, the Cuban Revolution was occurring. What was the war called and what happened?

The Ten Years’ War

• Cuba v. Spain

• U.S. wants Cuba to win

  • Want to work with other Republics

• U.S. “doesn’t want to get involved” because of their own issues

• Cuba lost

  • Cubans have to live under extreme oppression

What was the USS Virginus?

A U.S. ship that was selling guns to the Cuban revolutionaries

• Gets caught

  • 53 executed by the Spanish

    • U.S. demands money from Spain

What did the McKinley Tariff of 1890 do?

Spain gives reciprocity on Cuban sugar

• encourages investment

• $50 million in Cuban plantations

• $100 million/year on Cuban sugar

What was the Wilson-Gorham Tariff of 1894 and what did it do to Hawaii/Cuba?

40% tax on sugar, no reciprocity

• Does nothing to Hawaii

• Cuban sugar prices increase

  • Spanish landlords have to lower Cuban sugar prices

What was the cause of the 1895 Cuban Revolution?

40% tax on Cuban sugar→

lower prices=

• lower wages

• lower conditions

• higher living prices

Who was General Valeriano Weyler?

Spanish Army officer and colonial administrator who served as the Governor-General of the Philippines and the Governor-General of Cuba, and later as the Minister for War

What was newspaper propaganda called and who were the two main ones?

Yellow Journalism

• NY Journal led by William Randolph Hearst

• New York World led by Joseph Pulitzer

Both men hired RF Outcault to illustrate for them. What was his work Hogan’s Alley?

First color cartoon in any newspaper

• Mickey Dugan

  • Always in a yellow shirt

  • “Yellow Kid”

What are the details of the sinking of the USS Maine on Feb. 15,1898?

U.S. people. blamed Spain

• Don’t actually know what happened

260 American sailors dead

What was the DeLôme Letter?

A letter written by Enrique DeLôme, Spanish ambassador to Washington D.C., on Feb. 9, 1898 saying…

• McKinley is a people pleaser

• Called the U.S. weak

What did Senator Redfield Proctor do?

He had just gone to Cuba

• “Everything you’ve been reading is all true!”

• Americans want war

On April 25, 1898 the U.S. declared war on Spain “in defense”. When this occurred the Teller Amendment was passed, what did it say?

“When we win the U.S. will not acquire CUBAN territory.”

When and where was the first battle of the Spanish-American War?

May 1,1898 in the Philippines (for leverage)

The Philippines was another Spanish colony in rebellion. Who was the leader of this rebellion?

Emilio Aguinaldo

Who led the small U.S. Naval fleet?

Admiral George Dewey

What were the results when a small U.S. Naval fleet sailed to Manilla Bay?

1 American death

13,000 Spanish POW

When and where in Cuba did the U.S. Navy sail to from Tampa?

June 20-25, 1898:

Santiago, southern part of Cuba where naval bases are

What occurred from July 1-16, 1898?

There are 3 hills surrounding Santiago, San Juan being one of them. The U.S. has to charge up them

Who was this charge led by?

Roosevelt and his Rough Riders

Who was on the front lines and took most of the gun fire in this charge?

• 9th and 10th Negro Cavalries

• 24th and 25th Negro Infantry

SUCCESSFUL

What did the U.S. gain and not gain in the Treaty of Paris of 1898?

Gained:

• Philippines

• Guam

• Puerto Rico

Did not gain:

• Cuba

What did the Platt Amendment say?

“Cuba is fully independent when they are mature enough to handle it.”

Why did the U.S. want to create the Panama Canal?

It would cut the travel time in ½ transferring gold from one side of the country to the other

What was the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850?

Clayton-U.S.

Bulwer-UK

• The U.S. isn’t mature enough to handle this canal

• “Any canal built across Central American must be internationally controlled and cannot be fortified”

  • U.S. cannot go at it alone

What was the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901?

Hay-U.S.

Pauncefote-UK

• U.S. may control the canal

• U.S. brokers a deal with French Panama Canal Co.

  • French wanted $80 million

  • U.S. reduced it to $40 million

What was the Hay-Herran Treaty of 1903?

Hay-U.S.

Herran-Columbia

“The U.S. will put down $10 million kind of like a deposit, and the U.S. will agree to pay $250,000/year in rent for the territory.”

• Both have to get it approved by higher ups

After Columbia said no to this agreement TR & the French Co. are furious. Who was the manager of the French Co. who advocated for Panama to become its own independent republic?

Philippe Bunau-Varilla

What was the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903?

The agreement that was come to.

“The U.S may rent the area of the Panama Canal for $10 million + $250,000/year.”