Studied by 80 people
Imperialism
A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force
Social Darwinism
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.
King Leopold II
the Belgian king who opened up the African interior to European trade along the Congo River and by 1884 controlled the area known as the Congo Free State.
Dutch East India Company
Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.
Direct Resistance
a refusal to act - not doing what the enemy wants.
Tupac Amaru
The last Inca emperor; in the 1780s, a Native American rebellion against Spanish control of Peru took place in his name.
Yaa Asantewaa
queen of the Asantes that led the fight against the British in the last Asante war, took power after the king was exiled
1857 Rebellion
Indian Mutiny, also called Sepoy Mutiny or First War of Independence, widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in India in 1857-59.
Sokoto Caliphate
large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria.
Cherokee Nation
Native American tribe that was forced to leave their land because of the Indian Removal Act
Zulu Kingdom
A monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north.
Ghost Dance
A cult that tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the young braves to fight. It was crushed at the Battle of Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux. The Ghost Dance led to the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This act tried to reform Indian tribes and turn them into "white" citizens. It did little good.
Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement
Pivotal movement that broke the ushered in a new era of colonial expansion and domination of South Africa by the British. Thought it would bring back ancient chiefs and ancestors.
Mahdist Revolt
In 1882 in a revolution led by Muhammad Ahmad, 1881 had proclaimed himself the Mahdi, the person who, according to an Islamic tradition, would rid the world of evil on September 2, 1898. The Anglo-Egyptian victory brought about the complete collapse
export economy
A type of economy in which goods are produced mainly for export rather than for domestic use
economic imperialism
Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments.
opium war
War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; the victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.
Convict labor
A system of penal labor practiced in the Southern United States, beginning after the emancipation of slaves at the end of the American Civil War in 1865 to about around 1880, and officially ending in the last state, Alabama, in 1928.
Chinese Exclusion Act
1882 law that barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States
White Australia Policy
A policy that intentionally restricted non-white immigration to Australia
Samory Toure
leader of Malinke peoples in West Africa who formed an army that fought against French for 15 years and proclaimed himself king of Guinea
Sino-Japanese War
war between China and Japan in which Japan gained Taiwan
British East India Company
A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.
Settler Colonies
Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America.
Berlin Conference
A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa. No Africans were invited
Boer War
Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa.
Afrikaners
South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910.
Sphere of Influence
A foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities
Taiping Rebellion
a mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan
Boxer rebellion
1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.
French Indochina
Area of southeast Asia controlled by France during Imperialism. Includes Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.
Siam
The Kingdom of _____, known today as Thailand, remained relatively independent during through the nineteenth century because they served as a buffer between the colonies of Britain and France in Indochina.
penal colony
a colony to which convicts are sent as an alternative to prison
Treaty of Waitangi
The treaty signed by the British and Maori in 1840 giving Britain control over New Zealand.
Monroe Doctrine
an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers
Manifest Destiny
A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.
Spanish-American War
In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence
Roosevelt Corollary
1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force
The Great Game
Used to describe the rivalry and strategic conflict between the British Empire and the Russian Empire before WWI.
Indian Removal Act
(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River
Seypoys
Indian troops
Philippine-American War
armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States from 1899-1902. It was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence. The Philippines declared war on the US and it became a savage conflict with guerilla warfare. Villages were destroyed, civilians were murdered, and prisoners were tortured. The war ended when Aguinaldo surrendered in 1902.
Aboriginal people
People who migrated to Australia from Asia at least 40,000 years ago; the original settlers of the land.
Maori
indigenous people of New Zealand
Pan-Africanism
A movement that stressed unity among all Africans
Cecil Rhodes
Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.
Apartheid
a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race. Used in South Africa
Banana Republic
Term used to describe a Central American nation dominated by United States business interests
Indentured Servants
People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free.
Diaspora
A dispersion of people from their homeland
ethnic enclave
a small area occupied by a distinctive minority culture
imperialism effects
strengthened military
more commerce as the world opened up to a global market
influenced by European culture (learning the languages, converting to Christianity and studying European literature)
the culture of modernity expanded (socialism, nationalism, tech advancements)
why did europe want to sell to china?
Europe needed to export its own products, because of the capitalist overproduction, wanted to sell to China because of its huge population
nationalism made _____ grow
imperialism
spheres of influence
a field or area in which an individual or organization has power to affect events and developments
industrial revolution and new ships
ex: steam-driven ships that went through the Suez Canal which allowed Europeans to reach Asian and African ports
1793
Chinese emperor Qianlong requested that King George III would loosen the trade relationship between their two countries through a letter
why was China crumbling internally?
there was trouble collecting taxes, a declining dynasty and there was power loses to local officials
Taiping Uprising (1850-1864)
ideals from a unique form of Christianity
leader: Hong Xiuquan who claimed to be related to Jesus and would cleanse the world of demons
wanted the abolition of private property, redistribution of land, equality for men and women, end of foot binding
established capital in Nanjing in 1853
1864 after some internal struggles, Qing dynasty loyalists overthrew the party
China and British opium trade
23,000 chests of opium being smuggled into China in 1832
officials bribed to ignore the trade
outflow of silver to pay for opium, reversal of the collection China had done previously
led the movement against opium
official Lin Zexu
destroyed 3 million pounds of opium from traders and expelled them from the country
Britain responded with the navy
what ended the first opium war?
Treaty of Nanjing in 1842
opened up spheres of influence for European traders and restricted China’s independence
second Opium War (1856-1858)
the British won again, vandalized the emperor’s summer palace and opened more ports
foreigners were allowed to buy land in China, to spread Christianity
China’s military defeats
by the French in 1885 and the Japanese in 1895, which ended in the loss of Vietnam, Taiwan and Korea
self-strengthening of china
policies during the 1860s and 70s tried to strengthen China
support for landlords, repair of irrigation, factories established in order to heal from the Taiping rebellion
improvement on artillery
Boxer uprising (1898-1901)
military called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists
killed Europeans and Chinese Christians, sieged foreign embassies
crushed by Western and Japanese powers, in return China had to pay the back
late 1890s China
educated Chinese organized clubs and newspapers to look at China’s situation and try to fix it (ex: Society to Protect the Nation, Understand the National Shame Society)
admired Western political practices that limited the authority of a ruler
Chinese nationalism grew at the expense of foreign imperialists and the Qing dynasty
end the old examination systems and promised a national parliament but the Qing fell in 1911
the fall of the Ottomans
instead of artisan goods, markets wanted cheap European manufactured goods
agreements (capitulations) between Ottomans and Europeans
1882 - debt piled up so much that it led to foreign control
nationalism also broke the empire apart
central power had been weakened and it couldn’t raise revenue
Janissaries had lost their military edge
Sultan Selim III
wanted to update the army and take from European techniques
ulama was against it, so much so that he was overthrown in 1807 and murdered
1839 Ottoman empire
Tanzimat reformation movements
factories producing cloth
reclamation of agricultural land
steam ships and railroads
western-style laws and courts
more education opportunities
also more religious freedom, more Christians were appointed to high office
Young Ottomans
new class that was formed by the reform process (writers, journalists, military officers, many of them had a western education)
wanted to change the political system, favoring democratic ideas (Islamic modernism, modernism with some traditional religious aspects)
embracing western tech and knowledge while rejecting its materialism
1876 - Sultan Abd al-Hamid accepted a constitution and elected parliament although it didn’t last long
Young Turks
military and civilian elites who were against the reinstitution of absolute power
1908 military coup led to the separation of schools, courts and laws from religion
permitting elections and established Law of Family Rights
allowed women to go to school and obtain divorces
Japan’s Tokugawa background
Japan had been governed by a shogun 250 years prior to Perry’s arrival in 1853
from the Tokugawa family and lived far from where the main seat power was
even though the shogun’s purpose was to prevent daimyos from having power, some obtained power locally
1750 Edo
world’s largest city and Japan was becoming capitalist
influence by Confucianism → literate population
low-class merchants prospered in a newly commercialized economy, migration to cities
decree in 1788 for peasants to avoid luxuries but everyone ignored it
Tokugawa’s fall
corruption
failure to deal with 1830s famine
peasant uprisings (ex: Osaka burned in 1837)
Meiji restoration
turning point for Japan
modernization of Japan
somewhat universal primary schooling
building of railroads, establishing a national currency
industrialization under firms called zaibatsu
national government created in order to achieve unity
constitution of 1889 which focused on German ideals of a democracy with political parties
Japan and the world
revisal of treaties in Japan’s favor
Anglo-Japanese treaty of 1902 recognized Japan as a global power
wars won against China (1894-1895) and Russia (1904-1905)
gained Taiwan, Korea and some of Manchuria
Russia’s defeat led to revolutions
Australia and New Zealand’s conquest was like the colonization of North America
lots of settlers, 75%+ of natives dying bc of diseases → natives becoming the minority
became ‘Neo-european’ societies
Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858
cause: military initiation included the smearing of cow and pig fat
Hindus and Muslims were offended and thought it was an attempt to convert them to Christianity
started with Indian troops forming a mutiny in Bengal
other factors such as local rulers and landlords who had lost power, overtaxed peasants and exploited people added to this rebellion
tried to revive Mughal empire with some support of people that just hated the British
effect: racial divide widened, lower tolerance and the British taking direct control over India
economies of coercion
French Africa: natives were obligated for “statue labor” 10-12 days a year, a practice that lasted until 1946
Congo (under personal control of Leopold II of Belgium): forced villagers to collect rubber (that was in demand) and killed millions of people
Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia): peasants required to commit 20%+ of land to growing cash crops to pay their state tax
German East Africa: forced cultivation of cotton → rebellion in 1905 which led to the end of forced growing
plantations financed by Europe
grew crops such as sugarcane, tea, rubber
workers migrated to work on these and were housed in barracks
poor pay, women earned roughly half of a man’s wage
disease spread (Vietnam 1927 - 1 in 20 plantation workers died)
women and the economy of African colonial states
under colonial rule, there was somewhat economic autonomy, as women sold cloth and imported goods
women were then responsible for domestic food production and it increased the subsistence work for women
women were left to handle the economy as men left to work in cities and women compensated for men’s low wages in urban areas
half of men left rural areas, 60% of households led by women
India’s education in the 1800s
western-educated people created reform societies based of classical Hindu texts
free from discrimination against women, child marriages and caste systems
these people saw themselves as loyal to the British because it bettered their societies, seen though Europeans thought of them as lower
imperialism and tribes
people were required to identify their tribe on applications and identity cards within colonies
when migrating, people from general parts of a country became new communities
1940s Nigeria wanted to ignore differences between tribes in order to achieve unity
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Flashcard (30)