ap world unit 6

Consequences of Industrialization

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

King Leopold II

the Belgian king who opened up the African interior to European trade along the Congo River and by 1884 controlled the area known as the Congo Free State.

Dutch East India Company

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

Direct Resistance

a refusal to act - not doing what the enemy wants.

Tupac Amaru

The last Inca emperor; in the 1780s, a Native American rebellion against Spanish control of Peru took place in his name.

Yaa Asantewaa

queen of the Asantes that led the fight against the British in the last Asante war, took power after the king was exiled

1857 Rebellion

Indian Mutiny, also called Sepoy Mutiny or First War of Independence, widespread but unsuccessful rebellion against British rule in India in 1857-59.

Sokoto Caliphate

large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria.

Cherokee Nation

Native American tribe that was forced to leave their land because of the Indian Removal Act

Zulu Kingdom

A monarchy in Southern Africa that extended along the coast of the Indian Ocean from the Tugela River in the south to Pongola River in the north.

Ghost Dance

A cult that tried to call the spirits of past warriors to inspire the young braves to fight. It was crushed at the Battle of Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux. The Ghost Dance led to the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This act tried to reform Indian tribes and turn them into "white" citizens. It did little good.

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

Pivotal movement that broke the ushered in a new era of colonial expansion and domination of South Africa by the British. Thought it would bring back ancient chiefs and ancestors.

Mahdist Revolt

In 1882 in a revolution led by Muhammad Ahmad, 1881 had proclaimed himself the Mahdi, the person who, according to an Islamic tradition, would rid the world of evil on September 2, 1898. The Anglo-Egyptian victory brought about the complete collapse

export economy

A type of economy in which goods are produced mainly for export rather than for domestic use

economic imperialism

Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments.

opium war

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; the victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.

Convict labor

A system of penal labor practiced in the Southern United States, beginning after the emancipation of slaves at the end of the American Civil War in 1865 to about around 1880, and officially ending in the last state, Alabama, in 1928.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States

White Australia Policy

A policy that intentionally restricted non-white immigration to Australia

Samory Toure

leader of Malinke peoples in West Africa who formed an army that fought against French for 15 years and proclaimed himself king of Guinea

Sino-Japanese War

war between China and Japan in which Japan gained Taiwan

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Settler Colonies

Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America.

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa. No Africans were invited

Boer War

Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa.

Afrikaners

South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910.

Sphere of Influence

A foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities

Taiping Rebellion

a mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan

Boxer rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

French Indochina

Area of southeast Asia controlled by France during Imperialism. Includes Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.

Siam

The Kingdom of _____, known today as Thailand, remained relatively independent during through the nineteenth century because they served as a buffer between the colonies of Britain and France in Indochina.

penal colony

a colony to which convicts are sent as an alternative to prison

Treaty of Waitangi

The treaty signed by the British and Maori in 1840 giving Britain control over New Zealand.

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Roosevelt Corollary

1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

The Great Game

Used to describe the rivalry and strategic conflict between the British Empire and the Russian Empire before WWI.

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Seypoys

Indian troops

Philippine-American War

armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States from 1899-1902. It was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence. The Philippines declared war on the US and it became a savage conflict with guerilla warfare. Villages were destroyed, civilians were murdered, and prisoners were tortured. The war ended when Aguinaldo surrendered in 1902.

Aboriginal people

People who migrated to Australia from Asia at least 40,000 years ago; the original settlers of the land.

Maori

indigenous people of New Zealand

Pan-Africanism

A movement that stressed unity among all Africans

Cecil Rhodes

Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.

Apartheid

a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race. Used in South Africa

Banana Republic

Term used to describe a Central American nation dominated by United States business interests

Indentured Servants

People who could not afford passage to the colonies could become indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, and in exchange, the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (usually seven years) and then would be free.

Diaspora

A dispersion of people from their homeland

ethnic enclave

a small area occupied by a distinctive minority culture

imperialism effects

* strengthened military
* more commerce as the world opened up to a global market
* influenced by European culture (learning the languages, converting to Christianity and studying European literature)
* the culture of modernity expanded (socialism, nationalism, tech advancements)

why did europe want to sell to china?

Europe needed to export its own products, because of the capitalist overproduction, wanted to sell to China because of its huge population

nationalism made _____ grow

imperialism

spheres of influence

a field or area in which an individual or organization has power to affect events and developments

industrial revolution and new ships

ex: steam-driven ships that went through the Suez Canal which allowed Europeans to reach Asian and African ports

1793

Chinese emperor Qianlong requested that King George III would loosen the trade relationship between their two countries through a letter

why was China crumbling internally?

there was trouble collecting taxes, a declining dynasty and there was power loses to local officials

Taiping Uprising (1850-1864)

* ideals from a unique form of Christianity
* leader: Hong Xiuquan who claimed to be related to Jesus and would cleanse the world of demons
* wanted the abolition of private property, redistribution of land, equality for men and women, end of foot binding
* established capital in Nanjing in 1853
* 1864 after some internal struggles, Qing dynasty loyalists overthrew the party

China and British opium trade

* 23,000 chests of opium being smuggled into China in 1832
* officials bribed to ignore the trade
* outflow of silver to pay for opium, reversal of the collection China had done previously

led the movement against opium

official Lin Zexu

* destroyed 3 million pounds of opium from traders and expelled them from the country
* Britain responded with the navy

what ended the first opium war?

Treaty of Nanjing in 1842

* opened up spheres of influence for European traders and restricted China’s independence

second Opium War (1856-1858)

the British won again, vandalized the emperor’s summer palace and opened more ports

* foreigners were allowed to buy land in China, to spread Christianity

China’s military defeats

 by the French in 1885 and the Japanese in 1895, which ended in the loss of Vietnam, Taiwan and Korea

self-strengthening of china

* policies during the 1860s and 70s tried to strengthen China
* support for landlords, repair of irrigation, factories established in order to heal from the Taiping rebellion
* improvement on artillery

Boxer uprising (1898-1901)

* military called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists
* killed Europeans and Chinese Christians, sieged foreign embassies
* crushed by Western and Japanese powers, in return China had to pay the back

late 1890s China

* educated Chinese organized clubs and newspapers to look at China’s situation and try to fix it (ex: Society to Protect the Nation, Understand the National Shame Society)
* admired Western political practices that limited the authority of a ruler
* Chinese nationalism grew at the expense of foreign imperialists and the Qing dynasty
* end the old examination systems and promised a national parliament but the Qing fell in 1911

the fall of the Ottomans

* instead of artisan goods, markets wanted cheap European manufactured goods
* agreements (capitulations) between Ottomans and Europeans
* 1882 - debt piled up so much that it led to foreign control
* nationalism also broke the empire apart
* central power had been weakened and it couldn’t raise revenue
* Janissaries had lost their military edge

Sultan Selim III

* wanted to update the army and take from European techniques
* ulama was against it, so much so that he was overthrown in 1807 and murdered

1839 Ottoman empire

* Tanzimat reformation movements
* factories producing cloth
* reclamation of agricultural land
* steam ships and railroads
* western-style laws and courts
* more education opportunities
* also more religious freedom, more Christians were appointed to high office

Young Ottomans

* new class that was formed by the reform process (writers, journalists, military officers, many of them had a western education)
* wanted to change the political system, favoring democratic ideas (Islamic modernism, modernism with some traditional religious aspects)
* embracing western tech and knowledge while rejecting its materialism
* 1876 - Sultan Abd al-Hamid accepted a constitution and elected parliament although it didn’t last long

Young Turks

* military and civilian elites who were against the reinstitution of absolute power
* 1908 military coup led to the separation of schools, courts and laws from religion
* permitting elections and established Law of Family Rights
* allowed women to go to school and obtain divorces

Japan’s Tokugawa background

* Japan had been governed by a shogun 250 years prior to Perry’s arrival in 1853
* from the Tokugawa family and lived far from where the main seat power was
* even though the shogun’s purpose was to prevent daimyos from having power, some obtained power locally

1750 Edo

* world’s largest city and Japan was becoming capitalist
* influence by Confucianism → literate population
* low-class merchants prospered in a newly commercialized economy, migration to cities
* decree in 1788 for peasants to avoid luxuries but everyone ignored it

Tokugawa’s fall

* corruption
* failure to deal with 1830s famine
* peasant uprisings (ex: Osaka burned in 1837)

Meiji restoration

turning point for Japan

modernization of Japan

* somewhat universal primary schooling
* building of railroads, establishing a national currency
* industrialization under firms called zaibatsu
* national government created in order to achieve unity
* constitution of 1889 which focused on German ideals of a democracy with political parties

Japan and the world

* revisal of treaties in Japan’s favor
* Anglo-Japanese treaty of 1902 recognized Japan as a global power
* wars won against China (1894-1895) and Russia (1904-1905)
* gained Taiwan, Korea and some of Manchuria
* Russia’s defeat led to revolutions

Australia and New Zealand’s conquest was like the colonization of North America

* lots of settlers, 75%+ of natives dying bc of diseases → natives becoming the minority 
* became ‘Neo-european’ societies

Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858

* cause: military initiation included the smearing of cow and pig fat
* Hindus and Muslims were offended and thought it was an attempt to convert them to Christianity
* started with Indian troops forming a mutiny in Bengal
* other factors such as local rulers and landlords who had lost power, overtaxed peasants and exploited people added to this rebellion
* tried to revive Mughal empire with some support of people that just hated the British
* effect: racial divide widened, lower tolerance and the British taking direct control over India

economies of coercion

* French Africa: natives were obligated for “statue labor” 10-12 days a year, a practice that lasted until 1946
* Congo (under personal control of Leopold II of Belgium): forced villagers to collect rubber (that was in demand) and killed millions of people
* Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia): peasants required to commit 20%+ of land to growing cash crops to pay their state tax
* German East Africa: forced cultivation of cotton → rebellion in 1905 which led to the end of forced growing

plantations financed by Europe

*  grew crops such as sugarcane, tea, rubber
* workers migrated to work on these and were housed in barracks
* poor pay, women earned roughly half of a man’s wage
* disease spread (Vietnam 1927 - 1 in 20 plantation workers died)

women and the economy of African colonial states

* under colonial rule, there was somewhat economic autonomy, as women sold cloth and imported goods
* women were then responsible for domestic food production and it increased the subsistence work for women
* women were left to handle the economy as men left to work in cities and women compensated for men’s low wages in urban areas
* half of men left rural areas, 60% of households led by women

India’s education in the 1800s

* western-educated people created reform societies based of classical Hindu texts
* free from discrimination against women, child marriages and caste systems
* these people saw themselves as loyal to the British because it bettered their societies, seen though Europeans thought of them as lower

imperialism and tribes

* people were required to identify their tribe on applications and identity cards within colonies
* when migrating, people from general parts of a country became new communities
* 1940s Nigeria wanted to ignore differences between tribes in order to achieve unity