Chapter 2: Movement

anatomical position

all joints are in a neutral position, or at zero degrees, with no movement having to occur

fundamental position

the natural position we have when asked to stand (hands to the side)

superior (cranial)

closer to the head; above

what is an example of superior

head to chest

inferior

farther away from the head (below)

what is a example of inferior

chest to head

lateral

further away from the midline

what is a example of lateral

ear to eyes

medial

closer to the midline

what is a example of medial

eyes to ear

anterior

in the front

example of anterior

chest to back

posterior

in the back

example of posterior

back to chest

proximal

closer to the origin

example of proximal

shoulder to elbow

distal

away from the origin

example of distal

elbow to shoulder

superficial

closer to the surface

example of superfical

skin to muscle

deep

away from the surface

example of deep

muscle to skin

dorsal

in the back or on top

example of dorsal

top of the foot

volar-palmar/ plantar

in the front or on bottom

example of plantar

bottom of the foot

plane

dimension in space, an imaginary flat surface that divides the body

axis

imaginary straight line around which an object or the body rotates

transverse (horizontal) plane

divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts

what is the axis of the transverse (horizontal plane)

longitudinal (vertical)

frontal plane

divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves

what is the axis of the frontal plane

sagittal (anteroposterior)

sagittal plane

divides the body into left and right halves

what is the axis of the sagittal plane

frontal (mediolateral)

longitudinal (vertical) axis

runs vertically from head to toe; movements in the transverse plane

sagittal horizontal (anteroposterior) axis

runs from front to back; movements in the frontal plane

frontal horizontal (mediolateral) axis

runs from side to side; movements in the sagittal plane

fundamental movements

only occur in one plane around one axis

what is not a fundamental movement

circumduction; combines 2 or more fundamental movements

what are the movements of the transverse plane

left and right rotation, medial and lateral rotation, supination and pronation, and horizontal abduction and adduction

left and right rotation

spine

medial and lateral rotation

shoulder and hip

supination and pronation

forearm

horizontal abduction and adduction

shoulder and hip; not a fundamental movement

frontal plane movements

abduction and adduction, lateral flexion, elevation and depression, inversion and eversion, and radial and ulnar deviation

lateral flexion

the spine

elevation and depression

the shoulder

inversion and eversion

ankle/foot

radial and ulnar deviation

wrist

sagittal plane movements

flexion, extension, and hyperextension, dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

flexion and extension

elbow

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

ankle