PHA 101 CH. 20-23 Drugs for Parkinson Disease and Alzheimer Disease

Flashcards about Drugs for Parkinson Disease and Alzheimer Disease

Parkinson Disease

Chronic neurologic disorder characterized by an imbalance of dopamine and acetylcholine neurotransmitters.

Pseudoparkinsonism

Condition resembling Parkinson's disease, often caused by adverse reactions to drugs or exposure to toxins.

Bradykinesia

Slowness of movement, a characteristic symptom of Parkinson's disease.

Anticholinergics

Drugs used in Parkinson's treatment to block cholinergic receptors, reducing rigidity and tremors.

Dopamine replacements

Medications that stimulate dopamine receptors in the brain to alleviate Parkinson's symptoms.

Dopamine agonists

Drugs that directly stimulate dopamine receptors, used in Parkinson's treatment.

MAO-B inhibitors

Medications that inhibit the MAO-B enzyme, which interferes with dopamine, used in Parkinson's treatment.

COMT inhibitors

Drugs that inhibit the COMT enzyme, which inactivates dopamine, used in Parkinson's treatment.

Carbidopa-Levodopa

A dopaminergic medication that converts to dopamine in the body increasing mobility in Parkinson's patients.

Alzheimer Disease

Incurable dementia illness, chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by cognitive dysfunction and acetylcholine deficiency.

Neuritic plaques

Abnormal clusters of protein that form in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease.

Beta-amyloid protein

A protein fragment that accumulates in the brains of Alzheimer's patients, forming plaques.

Neurofibrillary tangles

Twisted fibers of protein found inside the nerve cells of individuals with Alzheimer's disease.

Acetylcholinesterase/Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Medications used to treat Alzheimer's disease by allowing more acetylcholine in neuron receptors, to increase cognitive function and slow the disease process.

Muscle Spasticity

Muscular hyperactivity that causes contraction of muscles resulting in pain and limited mobility

Centrally acting muscle relaxants

Skeletal muscle relaxants that work on the CNS to relieve muscle spasm and spasticity. Cause sedative effect.

Direct acting muscle relaxant

Drugs that work directly on the muscle to decrease muscle spasm pain and increases range of motion

Cyclobenzaprine

A centrally acting muscle relaxant that relaxes skeletal muscles to relieve muscle spasm.

Psychosis

Loss of contact with reality resulting from imbalance in neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain

Schizophrenia

Chronic psychotic disorder characterized by cognitive, positive, and negative symptoms.

Antipsychotics

Medications that treat mental illness by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain

Extrapyramidal Syndrome (EPS)

Adverse reactions to antipsychotic medications, including pseudoparkinsonism, akathisia, and acute dystonia.

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)

A rare, but potentially fatal, reaction to antipsychotic medications marked by muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, and altered mental status.

Haloperidol

A typical antipsychotic that blocks dopamine receptors, used to treat psychoses, schizophrenia, and Tourette's syndrome.

Atypical Antipsychotics

Antipsychotics that are effective in treating both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia which block serotonin and dopaminergic D4 receptors

Clozapine

An atypical antipsychotic used for severe schizophrenic patients unresponsive to traditional antipsychotics.

Risperidone

An atypical antipsychotic used to manage symptoms of psychosis and treat both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

Primary Anxiety

Anxiety is not caused by a medical condition or drug use. Managed with short-term anxiolytics.

Panic Disorder

Panic attack: Dyspnea, choking sensation, Chest Pain, palpitation, Dizziness, faint, sweat, trembling

Lorazepam

A benzodiazepine anxiolytic with uses as an anxiolytic, antiseizure, sedative-hypnotic, and preoperative drug. Antidote: Flumazenil

Buspirone

A miscellaneous anxiolytic that binds to serotonin and dopamine receptors, with fewer sedative effects.

SIGECAPS

Mnemonic for Major Depression : sleep, interest, guilt, energy, concentration, appetite, psychomotor symptoms, suicide thoughts

Reactive depression

Usually sudden onset after a precipitating event † Death of a loved one. Usually lasts for months

Major depression

May be primary or secondary to a health problem. Loss of interest in work or home, Inability to concentrate and complete tasks.

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

Antidepressants that block uptake of neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin in brain

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Antidepressants that block uptake of neurotransmitter serotonin

Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

Antidepressants that Inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

Antidepressants wherein Monoamine oxidase enzyme inactivates norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine, and serotonin

Serotonin Syndrome

Combination of serotonergic drugs : SSRI, MAOI, St John Wort : Dizziness, Sweating, Headache, Agitation

Lithium

Mood Stabilizer Therapeutic serum range Ø 1.0 to 1.5 mEq/L used for Bipolar disorder manic episodes.