Bonding GCSE Notes

These flashcards cover key concepts in ionic, covalent, and coordinate bonding, as well as related terms like electronegativity and types of intermolecular forces.

Ionic Bonding

A type of bonding that occurs when a metal loses electrons to become a cation and a non-metal gains electrons to become an anion, resulting in strong forces of attraction.

Covalent Bonding

A type of bonding solely involving non-metals where atoms share electrons instead of transferring them.

Coordinate Bonding

A type of bonding similar to covalent bonding where the shared electrons come from the same atom.

Electronegativity

The measure of how strongly atoms attract electrons in a covalent bond.

Polar Bonds

Bonds that have unequal sharing of electrons due to a difference in electronegativity between the bonded atoms.

Dipoles

The regions of a polar molecule that have slight positive and negative charges due to differences in electronegativity.

Induced Dipole

Temporary dipoles that form in molecules without permanent dipoles, caused by the constant motion of electrons.

Hydrogen Bonding

A special type of intermolecular force occurring with hydrogen bonded to fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen, leading to high charge density and increased boiling points.

Van der Waals Forces

Intermolecular forces resulting from induced dipoles and are stronger with larger numbers of electrons.