human diseases quiz 3 ch9, 11, 12

alimentary canal

organs of the ______ canal
• Mouth • Pharynx • Esophagus • Stomach • Small Intestine
• Large Intestine • Rectum • Anal canal

accessory organs

____ organs
• Teeth • Tongue • salivary glands • Liver • Gallbladder • pancreas

mouth

digestion begins in the ____

amylase

what enzyme is the initial degradation of starch?

esophagus/gastric junction

the spincter at the ________ prevents food from going back to the esophagus (regurgitation)

gastric

____ enzymes initially break down proteins

hydrochloric

____ acid activates other enzymes from pancreas

mucus

gastric mucosa is lined with a layer of _____

chyme

moistened, acidic food

pyloric

the ____ sphincter prevents food from going back to the stomach

peristalsis

Chyme moves forward throughout the intestines by means of contractions (from smooth muscle in the wall of intestines)

duodenum

Most digestion occurs in the first part of the small intestine, the ____

pancreas (exocrine)

what the ____ secretes into the duodenum neutralizes acids and digests carbohydrates, protein and fat

absorbed

finally sugars, lipids, and amino acids are _____ into blood capillaries and lymph vessels in the intestinal wall; chyle

chyle

a milky fluid consisting of fat droplets and lymph. It drains from the lacteals of the small intestine into the lymphatic system during digestion.

cecum

the first part of the colon is the ____, to which the appendix is attached

oral inflammation (stomatitis) and infection

Cause:
Local or systemic infection
Strep, gonorrhea, syphilis
*Herpes (type1: oral-oral or type2: genital-oral)
Candida (thrush)*
symptoms: swollen mucosa, *canker sore*, ulcers

squamous cell carcinoma

what is the most common form of mouth cancer?

mouth

risk factors for ____ cancer
•Linked to tobacco, smokeless tobacco, and alcohol

esophagitis

Inflammation of the esophagus
Risk factors: old age, obesity, and pregnancy.
Symptoms: Heart burn, resembles pain of heart disease
cause: reflux (most common): GERD

reflux (GERD)

•backflow of the acid contents of the stomach.
•**Incompetency of cardiac sphincter.**

Hiatal hernia

Protrusion of part of the stomach through diaphragm at the point where the esophagus joins the stomach
Risk factors:
congenital defect in the diaphragm,
increased intra-abdominal pressure associated with obesity, smoking
Symptoms
Indigestion, excessive burping, difficulty swallowing, chest pain, and heartburn

acute gastritis

inflammation of gastric mucosa aka the lining of the stomach.
- causes include Irritants such as aspirin, coffee, tobacco, alcohol (hemorrhagic gastritis), infection

chronic atrophic gastritis

•stomach lining does not secrete intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid
**associated with Def of vit B12**
•Caused by stomach cancer, chronic alcoholism, or chronic exposure to certain irritants such as alcohol, aspirin, and certain foods

peptic ulcers

Ulcer of the stomach and duodenum
*Gastric ulcers (20%) and duodenal ulcers (80%)*
a few complications: Hemorrhage: Hematemesis (coughing blood), Melena (black stools)
DX: *H. pylori test*, endoscopy, X ray, blood in stool

Helicobacter pylori

what is one of the main causes of peptic ulcers?

gastroenteritis and food poisoning

•Inflammation of stomach and intestines
•Symptoms: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
1 of main causes: Escherichia coli: traveler’s diarrhea
tx: replenish water and electrolytes

vomiting

protective mechanism, a response to the presence of an irritant or infection, a distension, or a blockage.

medulla

in what part of the brain is the vomiting center located?

Gastric Carcinoma

Risk Factors: Consumption of preserved, salted, cured foods, diet low in fruits and vegetables, Helicobacter pylori has been implicated.
Symptoms: frequent bloating, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal cramps, excessive gas, and blood in the feces, *pernicious anemia*

pernicious anemia

a decrease in red blood cells that occurs when the intestines cannot properly absorb vitamin B12

appendicitis

Inflammation of the appendix.
Symptoms: pain lower right abdominal quadrant, leukocytosis,
often occurs in those during puberty (10-25yrs)
tx: surgery

malabsorption syndrome

Can’t absorb fat or other substances
Main symptom: diarrhea, *pale feces with foul odor*
Hemorrhage: cant absorb vit K (and other fat soluble vitamins: A, D, E)
cause: diseased pancreas or blocked pancreatic duct; No lipase (fat is not digested and cannot be absorbed)

celiac disease

can't digest gluten (protein of wheat)
seemingly genetic. affects females 2x more than males.

diverticulosis

Abnormal pouches in the intestinal wall
Risk: age, diet low in fiber, and family history

diverticulitis

Inflammation of diverticula
Cause: diverticula impacted with fecal material
tx: antibiotics

crohn disease

aka *regional enteritis*
Inflammation and thickening of intestine lining
SS: Pain often resembles appendicitis
Diarrhea, constipation, and *melena* (black stools)
etiology: unknown

ulcerative colitis

Extensive ulceration of colon and rectum
SS:
diarrhea with pus, mucus, blood and anemia
Periods of remission and exacerbation
X-Ray: lacking of haustra, pipestem colon
etiology: autoimmune

Colon and rectum carcinoma

High Incidence in the US
usually grows slowly and remains localized
1 of causes: Familial polyposis is a hereditary disease in which numerous polyps develop in the intestinal tract
prevention: colonoscopy after 50

ulcerative colitis and familial polyposis

what is the most common risk of colon cancer?

organic

what kind of intestinal obstruction is a material blockage?

functional

what kind of intestinal obstruction is a decrease in peristalsis (paralytic)

volvulus

intestinal obstruction where the intestine twists on itself.

adhesions

bands of scar-like tissue that form between two surfaces inside the body and cause them to stick together; occurs following surgery or inflammation

intussusception

a serious intestinal obstruction in which part of the intestine slides into an adjacent part of the intestine

hemorrhoids

Varicose veins in the rectum mucosa
can be internal or external
Causes: heredity, poor dietary habits, inadequate fiber, overuse of laxatives, lack of exercise.

prolapse

hemorrhoid come through the anal opening

IBS / irritable bowel syndrom

•functional disorder of motility
Common large intestine disease
Cause: abuse of laxatives, certain medications/foods can trigger it :
coffee, alcohol, spicy foods, fatty foods, concentrated orange juice

dysentery

Acute inflammation of colon = colitis
Infectious disease
SS: diarrhea (pus, blood, mucus), pain, ulcers
Cause:
Bacteria (shigella), parasitic infections (Entamoeba histolytica), **contaminated water**

liver

what is the largest glandular organ of the body?
-also regenerates when diseased or damaged cells

dual blood supply

the liver receives ____ ____ supply
**Oxygenated blood from Hepatic Artery
Nutrient-rich blood from Portal Vein**

jaundice (icterus)

Usually associated with liver disease
Excess of bilirubin in blood --> yellowish color discoloration of skin and mucous membranes

bilirubin

___ normally excreted in bile and urine

causes of increase in bilirubin

increase in Heme availability (prehepatic): Hemolytic anemia
Hepatic conditions
Obstruction (post hepatic)

prehepatic

____ conditions that occur before the liver

hepatic

____ conditions that occur in the liver

post hepatic

____ conditions that occur after/beyond the liver

hep A

least serious form of hepatitis
SS: anorexia, nausea, mild fever, jaundice
Transmission: fecal-oral, contaminated food and water = poor sanitation
Prevention:
Active: vaccination
Passive: Immunoglobulin

hep B

Can produce chronic disease, cirrhosis, fulminating hepatitis
Formerly called serum hepatitis
transmission: blood and sex
Prevention:
Active: vaccination
Passive: immunoglobulin: HBIG

hep C

Leading cause of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis
Transmission: blood mainly, sex
Tx: Antivirals, Most common reason of liver transplant

hep D

*Defective virus, can *only infect liver if it is previously infected with Hep B*.
More serious than Hep B alone and frequently progresses to chronic disease

hep E

Rare in the US
Produces epidemics in Asia, Africa, Mexico
Transmission: fecal-oral. Contaminated water
No vaccines or treatment available

cirrhosis

slowly progressing disease in which healthy liver tissue is replaced with scar tissue, eventually preventing the liver from functioning properly

symptoms of cirrhosis

Jaundice
high pressure builds in vessels of the abdomen and in other areas aka impaired blood circulation in liver
S/S: Acholia: clay colored stools, hemorrhagic shock, vomiting of blood, or hematemesis, Hypoalbuminemia
Liver doesn’t block estrogen effects of adrenal glands: feminizing effect on males
Hepatic coma: accumulation of ammonia

causes of cirrhosis

•Chronic alcoholism: *AKA portal cirrhosis, aka Laennec cirrhosis, aka fatty nutritional cirrhosis
•Severe chronic hepatitis
•Chronic inflammation of bile ducts
•Certain drugs and toxins: Acetaminophen (tylenol)
•Tx: none

carcinoma

•Primary malignancy usually rare
•Caused by viral hepatitis or cirrhosis
•Aflatoxin (mold in peanuts and rice)
•Most common from metastases

cholelithiasis

Biliary calculi: precipitated bile components in the gallbladder and bile ducts
•Tx: Surgery- removal of gallbladder (cholecystectomy)

cholecystitis

Extreme inflammation of the gallbladder
SS: sever pain in right upper quadrant (under ribs) after fatty meals
•Treatment: Surgery: removal of gallbladder (cholecystectomy)

amylase

breakdown carbohydrates

trypsin and chymotrypsin

breakdown proteins

lipase

breakdown lipids (fat)

acute pancreatitis

Serious inflammation of pancreas
1 of the many S/S: protein- and lipid-digesting enzymes become activated within the pancreas and begin to digest the organ itself: pancreas damage, hemorrhage, shock
Dx: Blood test (enzymes like increase in amylase), CT scan

pancreatic carcinoma

•Adenocarcinoma, high mortality rate
•Prognosis is poor and survival rate is less than 6 months

Aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

what 2 hormones play an important role in the nephron ability to reabsorb salt and water?

dysuria

painful or difficult urination

hematuria

the presence of blood in the urine

pyuria

pus in urine

edema

accumulation of fluid outside the vascular system (due to loss of proteins)

uremia

accumulation of urea in blood ; leads to uremic syndrome

uremic syndrome

- serious complication of chronic kidney disease and acute renal failure
- occurs when urea and other waste products build up in the body because the kidneys are unable to eliminate them
S/S : Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss, changes in mental status, such as confusion, reduced awareness, agitation, psychosis, seizures, and coma, abnormal bleeding, heart problems and shortness of breath

urinalysis

physical, chemical and microscopic examination of the urine

physical examination

color, appearance, specific gravity (weight)- what type of examination is this

chemical examination

presence of abnormal substances: protein, albumin, glucose, blood- what type of examination is this?

microscopic examination

urine sediment analysis

cystoscopic examination

visualization of inside of bladder and urethra

intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

visualization of the urinary system by x rays. contrast dyes injected in veins; is eliminated by kidney hence easy visualization.

acute kidney injury

Temporal and sudden impairment of renal function
Causes:
- Severe blood flow reduction to kidneys, Tubular necrosis, Obstructed urine flow
S/S: Sudden oliguria / anuria,
nausea, vomiting, GI distress
Ammonia breath, headache, confusion, drowsiness neuropathy, seizures, coma, hyperkalemia (lot of vit K) --> cardiac arrest

(uti) urinary tract infections

Caused primarily by bacteria from the skin and colon
Risk Factors: obstruction of the urinary system, during catheterization (outside bacteria to inside), poor hygiene, females: short urethra

ascending uti

what kind of UTI reaches the kidney through urethra and goes up to kidneys through the ureters

descending uti

what kind of UTI reaches the kidneys through blood. (infection any where in body, then goes to kidney

hormones

____ are secreted from endocrine glands into the bloodstream, and they affect the functions of cells at distant sites; chemical messengers

endocrine glands

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, endocrine pancreas, gonads (ovaries & testes)

composition

•proteins (e.g., insulin)
•chains of amino acids (e.g., epinephrine)
•steroids or fatty substances derived from cholesterol (e.g., estrogen).

pituitary

Most glandular activity is controlled by the _____ gland, which is sometimes called the master gland.

hypothalamus

The pituitary itself is controlled by the _____, which is the homeostatic center of the body and is part of the central nervous system

negative

When the level of a hormone is adequate, its further release is stopped = ________ Feedback

positive

When the level of a hormone is inadequate, its further release is continued = ________ feedback

pituitary

The ______ gland is a pea-sized organ located at the base of the brain

adenohypophysis

the pituitary is composed of an anterior lobe called the ________

neurohypophysis

the pituitary is composed of a posterior lobe called the ________