Secondary Metabolites (Alkaloids)

[Alkaloids Compounds] Large variety of compounds that are well known for their anti-herbivore defenses

Alkaloids and Cyanogenic glycosides

[Alkaloids Compounds] Present in around 20% __

vascular plant species

[Alkaloids Compounds] The N atom is part of a _

heterocyclic ring

[Alkaloids Compounds] Most alkaloids are _

alkaline/basic

[Alkaloids Compounds] Most alkaloids are synthesized from _

some amino acids

[Alkaloids Compounds] Known for various __ effects on animals and humans

pharmacological

[Alkaloids Compounds] Nearly all are _ to humans in specific quantities that can interfere with the nervous system

toxic

[Alkaloids Compounds] What is the biosynthetic precursor of Pyrrolidine

Ornithine (Aspartate)

[Alkaloids Compounds] What is the biosynthetic precursor of Tropane

Ornithine

[Alkaloids Compounds] What is the biosynthetic precursor of Piperidine

Lysine or Acetate

[Alkaloids Compounds] What is the biosynthetic precursor of Pyrrolizidine

Ornithine

[Alkaloids Compounds] What is the biosynthetic precursor of Quinolizdine

Lysine

[Alkaloids Compounds] What is the biosynthetic precursor of Isoquinoline

Tyrosine

[Alkaloids Compounds] What is the biosynthetic precursor of Indole

Tryptophan

[Alkaloids Compounds] Nicotine is an example of what alkaloid class

Pyrrolidine

[Alkaloids Compounds] Atropine is an example of what alkaloid class

Tropane

[Alkaloids Compounds] Cocaine is an example of what alkaloid

Tropane

[Alkaloids Compounds] Coniine is an example of what alkaloid

Piperidine

[Alkaloids Compounds] Retrosine is an example of what alkaloid

Pyrrolizine

[Alkaloids Compounds] Lupinine is an example of what alkaloid

Quinolizidine

[Alkaloids Compounds] Codeine is an example of what alkaloid

Isoquinoline

[Alkaloids Compounds] Moriphine is an example of what alkaloid

Isoquinoline

[Alkaloids Compounds] Psilocybin is an example of what alkaloid

Indole

[Alkaloids Compounds] Reserpine is an example of what alkaloid

Indole

[Alkaloids Compounds] Strychnine is an example of what alkaloid

Indole

[Alkaloids Compounds] Known as a stimulant, depressant, and tranquilizer

Pyrrolidine; Nicotine

[Alkaloids Compounds] Prevention of intestinal spasms, antidote of other potions, dilation of pupils

Tropane; Atropine

[Alkaloids Compounds] Stimulant of the central nervous system, local anasthetic

Tropane; Cocaine

[Alkaloids Compounds] Poison (paralyzes motor neurons)

Piperidine; Coniine

[Alkaloids Compounds] Restoration of heart ryhthm

Quinolizidine; Lupinine

[Alkaloids Compounds] Analgesic, treatement of coughs

Isoquinoline; Codeine

[Alkaloids Compounds] Analgesic

Isoquinoline; Morphine

[Alkaloids Compounds] Hallucinogen

Indole; Psilocybin

[Alkaloids Compounds] Treatment of hypertension, treatment of psychosis

Indole; Reserpine

[Alkaloids Compounds] Rat poison treatment of eye disorders

Indole; Strychnine

[Alkaloids Compounds] Not in itself toxic but can be broken down to give off poisons like HCN

Cyanogenic Glycosides

[Alkaloids Compounds] Cyanogenic Glycosides are not normally broken down in the intact plant because the glycoside and the degradative enzymes are _

spatially separated in different cellular compartments or in different tissues.

[Alkaloids Compounds] Cyanogenic Glycosides have a Protective function in plants – inhibiting _

metalloproteins

[Alkaloids Compounds] Cyanogenic Glycosides Deter __ by insects and other herbivores such as snails and slugs

feeding

[Alkaloids Compounds] What are the three major steps in HCN release of Cyanogenic glycosides

Cyanogenic Glycoside > CyanohydrinKeton + Hydrogen Cyanide

[Alkaloids Compounds] How are cyanogenic glycosides broken down to cyanohydrins

By cutting of the sugar part using glycosidase

[Alkaloids Compounds] How are cyanohydrins broken down to Ketones and HCN

using the enzyme Hydroxynitrile Lyase or Spontaneous

[Alkaloids Compounds] pyrrolidine alkaloids (tropane alkaloids) The precursor of hygrine is

ornithine

[Alkaloids Compounds] pyrrolidine alkaloids (tropane alkaloids) A tropane that is found in coca leaves; thick yellow oil with pungent taste and odor

hygrine

[Alkaloids Compounds] pyrrolidine alkaloids (tropane alkaloids) cocaine and hyoscamine (atropine) come from

hygrine and tropinone

[Alkaloids Compounds] pyrrolidine alkaloids (tropane alkaloids) have a long association with witchcraft and soothsaying

hyoscyamine and scopolamine

[Alkaloids Compounds] Pyridine alkaloids like nicotine, anabasine, and anatabine are derived from

Ornithine and Arginine

[Alkaloids Compounds] alkaloids like nicotine, anabasine, and anatabine are classified as

Pyridine alkaloids

[Alkaloids Compounds] What pyridine alkaloid is this

nicotine

[Alkaloids Compounds] What pyridine alkaloid is this

anabasine

[Alkaloids Compounds] What pyridine alkaloid is this

anatabine

[Alkaloids Compounds] alkaloids derived from ornithine and arginine that are highly toxic to mammals and effective feeding deterrents

pyrrolizidine alkaloids

[Alkaloids Compounds] more than 95% of pyrrolizidine alkaloids are found in just four families

Asteraceae Boraginaceae Fabaceae Orchidaceae

[Alkaloids Compounds] What pyrrolizidine alkaloids is this

retronecine

[Alkaloids Compounds] What pyrrolizidine alkaloids is this

senecioinine

[Alkaloids Compounds] Seneco vulgaris (common groundsel)

pyrrolizidine alkaloids

[Alkaloids Compounds] a pyrrolizidine alkaloids that is found in plants in Boraginaceae, Compositae, Ochidaceae, Leguminoceae families

retronecine

[Alkaloids Compounds] a pyrrolizidine alkaloids that is hepatotoxic

senecioinine

[Alkaloids Compounds] a pyrrolizidine alkaloids that is purgative, diuretic, antihelmintic

Seneco vulgaris (common groundsel

[Alkaloids Compounds] piperidine alkaloids are derived from

Lysine

[Alkaloids Compounds] pelletierine

piperidine alkaloids

[Alkaloids Compounds] What piperidine alkaloids is this

pelletierine

[Alkaloids Compounds] coniine

piperidine alkaloids

[Alkaloids Compounds] a piperidine alkaloids that is a known poison from hemlock

coniine

[Alkaloids Compounds] cadaverine

quinolizidine alkaloids

[Alkaloids Compounds] What quinolizidine alkaloids is this

cadaverine

[Alkaloids Compounds] What quinolizidine alkaloids is this

lupinine

[Alkaloids Compounds] lupinine

quinolizidine alkaloids

[Alkaloids Compounds] cytisine

quinolizidine alkaloids

[Alkaloids Compounds] a quinolizidine alkaloids with a similar effect with nicotine

cytisine

[Alkaloids Compounds] a quinolizidine alkaloids that is a - antiarrhythmic agent (sodium channel blocker)

sparteine

[Alkaloids Compounds] sparteine

quinolizidine alkaloid

[Alkaloids Compounds] monocyclic compounds are derived from

Phenylalanine and Tyrosine

[Alkaloids Compounds] tyramine

monocyclic compounds

[Alkaloids Compounds] What monocyclic compound is this

tyramine

[Alkaloids Compounds] hordenine

monocyclic compounds

[Alkaloids Compounds] a monocyclic compound that is antibacterial and antibiotic germination inhibitor, prevents growth of other plants produced by Cactaceae and Acacia

hordenine

[Alkaloids Compounds] dopamine

monocyclic compounds

[Alkaloids Compounds] mescaline

monocyclic compounds

[Alkaloids Compounds] mescaline is derived from

dopamine

[Alkaloids Compounds] reticuline is derived from

dopamine

[Alkaloids Compounds] salutaridine is derived from

dopamine

[Alkaloids Compounds] a monocyclic compound that is a psychedelic from the peyote cactus

mescaline

[Alkaloids Compounds] a monocyclic compound that is a a native of Mexican deserts

mescaline

[Alkaloids Compounds] reticuline

tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids

[Alkaloids Compounds] What is this tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids

reticuline

[Alkaloids Compounds] salutaridine

tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids

[Alkaloids Compounds] What is this tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids

salutaridine

[Alkaloids Compounds] codeinone

tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids

[Alkaloids Compounds] codeine

tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids

[Alkaloids Compounds] morphine

tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids

[Alkaloids Compounds] heroin

tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids

[Alkaloids Compounds] heroin is derived from

salutaridine

[Alkaloids Compounds] what are the 4 tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids from benzylisoquinoline precursors

glaucine, erythravine, berberine, and argemonine

[Alkaloids Compounds] A tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids from benzylisoquinoline precursors that is used as a anxiolytic agent

glaucine, erythravine,

[Alkaloids Compounds] A tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids from benzylisoquinoline precursors that is used as a antifungal/antibacterial

berberine

[Alkaloids Compounds] What tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids from benzylisoquinoline precursors is this

argemonine

[Alkaloids Compounds] A tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids that are used as antileukaemic agents

cephalotaxine and nitidine

[Alkaloids Compounds] A tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids that are used as treatment of amoebic dysentery

mesembrine and emetine

[Alkaloids Compounds] Datura Brugmansia is notable for its relationship to

pyrrolidine alkaloids (tropane alkaloids) like hyoscamine and scopolamine