Chapter 1 : Introduction to the human body

Anatomy

Study of structures of the human body

Physiology

Study of function of body

Gross Anatomy

Large structures, visible to the eye

Regional Anatomy

Structures in single body regions

systemic anatomy

Organs and related functions

Microscopic Anatomy

Tiny structures; visible under microscopes

surface anatomy

Markings of external features

Levels of Structural Organization

chemical; atoms combine creating molecules, cellular; cells made of molecules , tissue; similar cells from tissues, organ; different tissues working together, organ system; different organs working together, organismal; made up of different organ systems.

anatomical position

Standing, anterior view with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Saggital/midsaggital plane

Dividing body right/left portions

frontal (coronal) plane

Divided front and back

transverse plane

Divides superior and inferior body parts

Superior

above

Inferior

below

Anterior (ventral)

front

Posterior (dorsal)

Back

Lateral

On the side

Proximal

closer to origin

Distal

Farther from origin

superficial

towards the surface of the skin

deep

away from the surface

bilateral symmetry

Plane that splits right and left sides

Right vs. Left

patient's right or left (anatomical position)

dorsal body cavity

Cranial body cavity; Brain, vertebral cavity; spinal cord

ventral body cavity

Thoracic cavity; lungs, Pericardial Cavity; heart, mediastinum, esophagus, trachea.

cranial cavity

brain

vertebral cavity

spinal cord

Three Serous Membranes

pleura, peritoneum, pericardium

function of serous membrane

Produce lubricating fluid, allows organs to slide without friction, contains infections from spreading.

skeletal system

Protects, supports organs, framework, movement and muscles, blood cells are formed in bones and store minerals.

Muscular System

Locomotion, facial expression, maintains posture, heat.

endocrine system

Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, regulates hormones reproduction, nutrients.

cardiovascular system

heart and blood vessels

lymphatic system

Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, red bone marrow

Digestive system

oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum , and anus

respiratory system

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

reproductive system

Produce offspring