Learn: PYB350 | Quizlet

LECTURE 1 QUALITATIVE

What is poitivist or etic research?

Concerned with uncovering generalisable patterns based on objective data (Quantitative)

What is Interpretivist or emic research?

Concerned with subjective interpretation (Qualitative)

In what type of research can you start to assume causation?

Experimental

What is meant by a Quasi experimental design?

Where an IV is naturally occurring (gender) typical analysis is an ANOVA

What does the word qualitative imply?

qualities of things that are not experimentally examined or measured (if measured at all) in terms of quantity, amount, intensity, or frequency

What questions do qualitative researchers seek to answer?

questions about how social experience is created and given meaning

What 2 categories underpin what type of qualitative data can be generated?

obtrusive (interacting)

unobtrusive (observing)

What are 4 broad types of qualitative analysis?

Thematic

Narrative

Language-based

Ethnographic

What is the aim of thematic type analyses?

to understand and identify patterns in the way that people make meaning of the world around them

What is the aim of language-based analyses?

to look at language in its broadest conceptualization in social context (documents, social interaction)

What is the aim of narrative analyses?

seek to understand the unique human propensity for telling stories to understand why people tell stories in the first place rather than just provide information

What is the aim of ethnographic analyses?

Deep details of a culture (can be parts of a culture like a military band etc)

What are 4 different types of thematic analysis?

Thematic analysis

Content analysis

Grounded theory methods

Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis

Thematic analysis is a foundational method for qualitative analysis, what does this mean?

they are used (or are transferrable for use) in a range

of thematic approaches

What is a strength but also a limitation to thematic analysis?

that it is generic and flexible

Can thematic analysis be used on the realist or constructionalist end of the continuum?

It can be used across the continuum

What are two different theme approaches to thematic analysis?

Descriptive - semantic themes

Interpretive - latent themes

What is a theme?

some level of patterned response within the data

What two ways can thematic analysis be "driven"

Inductive - Data driven

Deductive - Theory driven

How many phases are there in Thematic analysis?

5

What is phase 1?

Becoming familiarized with the data

What level of familiarization does phase 1 require?

Immersion in both breadth and depth (silences, pauses, tones etc)

How can you tell when someone is immersed in the data?

"immediate understanding" When you are able to say "oh when participant 23 said this it was similar to the way that participant 4 said this"

Why are smaller sample sizes typically used in thematic analysis?

As the goal in qual research is to ensure a safisticated depth of analysis thus larger samples are time consuming

What is phase 2?

Generating initial codes

What do generating initial codes identify?

Identify features within the data

What are 2 types of features?

• Semantic (i.e. surface meaning)

• Latent (i.e. meaning that is indicated, but not directly apparent)

What are 3 important things to keep in mind when coding?

• Code as broadly as possible (i.e. try not to dismiss anything at this stage)

• Data can be coded more than once

• Note that coded features are not yet 'themes'

What is phase 3?

Searching for themes

How do you sort codes during phase 3?

• Sort codes into candidate themes and sub-themes

What is phase 4?

Reviewing themes

How many times may you have to code your data?

>3

What are two things that happen to themes during phase 4?

• Some themes might be rejected (too little supporting data, or data are too

diverse)

• Some themes might be collapsed (perhaps becoming sub-themes or higher-order themes)

What is phase 5?

Defining and naming themes

What occurs during phase 5?

• Identify the essence of the theme

• Determine what makes it different from the other themes

• Understand how it relates to the other themes

OTHER THEMATIC APPROACHES

What does content analysis straddle?

qualitative-quantitative divide

How is data analysed but then reported in content analysis?

Data analysed qualitatively but reported quantitatively

How is this done?

define a set of content categories in which qualitative data can be located

Which 2 ways can content categories be derived?

* Deductively (i.e. prior to analysis)

• Inductively (i.e. through analysis)

At some stage what will become necessary?

to develop a coding manual to reliably code data into mutually exclusive categories

What are the hopes for the coding manual?

to test inter-rater reliability

Why dont we always use content analysis if it can be validated through inter-rater reliability?

sometimes it may not be possible to develop a coding manual that is specific enough to be able to reliably code all data into mutually exclusive categories

What do Grounded theory methods attempt?

They attempt to develop a theory from data

What are 3 methods used in a grounded methods approach?

Simultaneous data collection and analysis

Constant comparison

Saturating theoretical concepts

What type of sample does Simultaneous data collection and analysis start with?

purposive sample = sample people with a particular sample in mind

What is the aim of a purposive sample?

You start to develop a theory of your interested topic then you can make decisions about "who" or "what" should be sampled for the remainder of the data collection

What happens if you identify a particular group of interest?

you can change your sampling strategy in order to pursue that line of inquiry

What is meant by Constant comparison?

constantly checking data to ensure your candidate analysis or theory accounts for all relevant diversity within and across cases

What is meant by saturation?

new cases dont not necessitate the revision of a candidate analysis/theory

Also researchers do not devise the participant size, saturation devises this

What is Interpretive phenomenological analysis

• Detailed examination of personal lived experience

• Wishes, desires, feelings, motivations, beliefs, behaviour, action.

What does Interpretive phenomenological analysis treat patients as?

experimential experts

How does the Interpretive phenomenological approach interpret data?

hermeneutic circle

eg. Examine the whole in relation to its parts, the parts in relation to the whole, considering the

contexts in which the whole and the parts are embedded

What should be noted about sample sizes in the Interpretive phenomenological approach?

typically smaller than other thematic approaches as they use a very detailed ideographic approach

LIMITATIONS TO THEMATIC ANALYSIS

What 4 things does "coding" assume?

• Phenomena can be split up and coded into 'parts'

• Coded 'parts' can be considered out of their surrounding context

• Coded 'parts' remain meaningful once decontextualised

• People who may not have been closely involved in the data generation process can meaningfully contribute to inter-rater agreement coding

What is a limitation regarding interviews ?

Interviewer's questions are routinely removed in study reports, thus there is a failure to consider interviews as social interactions

eg. we need to consider how the interviewer conducted themselves to understand how the interviewee conducted themselves

What is a limitation to using interview-based research in qualitative research?

Flooding the interview with a social science agenda and categories

• Interviews require people to adopt a social scientific perspective on their own experience

What is meant by the limitation "stake and interest"?

say your'e interviewing someone about racism, by in large people recognize a social prohibition, thus it is unlikely someone will categorize themselves as a racist. That's because they have stake and interest in the matter, they want to appear a reasonable person

LECTURE 2

Describe the type of data thematic analysis uses compared to conversation analysis

• TA: Often interviews

• CA: Always naturalistic social interaction

Describe the difference of analysis between thematic and conversation analysis

• TA: Experiences

• CA: Practices that people use to transact social life

What has conversation analysis emerged as?

Leading approach to the study of human social interaction

Finish this sentence... Conversation analysis is both?

• A field of research

• And a unique method

Conversation analysis is considered transdisciplinary what does this mean?

sociology, linguistics, anthropology, communication studies,

psychology, etc.

What are the 3 Key (theoretical) assumptions to conversational analysis?

• Social interaction is orderly

• This order is a result of shared methods

• These methods are identifiable through analysis

What is another way to consider "Social interaction is orderly"

'Order at all points'

Who were the key influencers to shape conversation analysis?

Garfinkel and Goffman

Garfinkel developed ethnomethodology.. what is it?

the study of members sense making methods

What is a key insight into ethnomethodology?

Members are analysts too

Goffman developed "the interaction order" what does this mean?

Social interactions themselves have order

What does conversation analysis use as a basis for theorizing?

observation

What data does conversation analysis use?

recordings of naturally-occurring social interaction

What does this convention imply? Wo[rd] [Wo]rd

Speaker overlap (left square bracket: overlap onset; right square:

overlap offset)

What does this convention imply? Word=word

No silence between two utterances

What does this convention imply? Word,

Slightly rising intonation.

What does this convention imply? Word?

Rising intonation

What does this convention imply? °Word°

Degree signs: Talk quieter-than usual for speaker

What does this convention imply? >Word<

Greater-than followed by less-than symbols: Talk faster-than-usual for speaker

Noticing something distinctive in social interaction is underpinned by what?

* Unmotivated examination

• Why that now?

As conversation analysis does not remove outliers, what can these outliers or "deviant" cases become?

The exception that proves the rule

In conversation analysis it is important to specify which two things?

A Numerator and Denominator

What is meant by a numerator?

"focal practice" - a type of thing that is absent or present

What is meant by a denominator?

Every environment in which it might be possible for the phenomenon (Numerator) to occur

PRACTICE QUIZ

1. Which of the following approaches to qualitative data analysis does NOT focus(es)

solely on the content of interaction?

a) Thematic analysis

b) Grounded theory analysis

c) Qualitative content analysis

d) Conversation analysis

d) Conversation analysis

Conversation analysis explores mainly the patterns of interaction, such as turn-taking between the interaction partners, to reveal the social organization of conversation. Focus is typically on how something is said and not necessarily on what is said in the conversation

2. Which of the following is true regarding discourse analysis?

a) It draws upon grounded theory as its philosophical perspective

b) It is limited to naturally occurring data

c) It never starts with the formulation of explicit research questions

d) It explores how meanings are constructed in social interaction

d) It explores how meanings are constructed in social interaction

Discourse analysis is concerned with the way in which language constructs and mediates social and psychological realities.

3. In qualitative research, interpretation

a) is the first step in qualitative data analysis.

b) is the same as coding.

c) aims to place the data in context and make it meaningful.

d) is the process of analysing data in grounded theory approach

c) aims to place the data in context and make it meaningful.

Coding is the preparatory step for accessing data and making them ready for interpretation. Interpretation means to understand the internal logic of data in order to increase our understanding

4. Which of the following statements is true regarding grounded theory?

a) This kind of analysis is suitable only for interview data

b) The theory is developed inductively from data

c) The data are obtained deductively from the theory

d) Data collection is guided by the principles of methodological saturation

b) The theory is developed inductively from data

In grounded theory research the resulting theory is developed inductively from data rather than tested by data, although the emerging theory is continuously refined

and checked by data.

5. Which of the following steps describe(s) Kathy Charmaz s approach to grounded theory analysis?

a) Open coding of paragraphs

b) Line by line open coding

c) Selective coding

d) Factor analysis

b) Line by line open coding

Open coding is the first step in any grounded theory analysis, but Charmaz suggest doing open coding line by line because it helps the researcher to refrain from imputing their own motives, fears and personal issues to the collected data.

6. Despite some important differences, diverse versions of grounded theory analysis agree about the following methodological principles:

a) Analysis proceeds by constant comparison between codes and cases

b) Analysis starts with selective coding

c) The size of sample is determined by the theoretical saturation of categories rather than demographic representativeness

d) Both that analysis proceeds by constant comparison between codes and cases and that the size of sample is determined by the theoretical saturation of categories

d) Both that analysis proceeds by constant comparison between codes and cases and that the size of sample is determined by the theoretical saturation of categories

Grounded theory is guided by constant comparison between existing and new data and the size of the sample is guided by the theoretical judgement that new cases will not add any significant new information.

7. The theoretical background of conversation analysis is:

a) Ethnomethodology

b) Grounded theory

c) Applied epistemology

d) Relativity theory

a) Ethnomethodology

Conversation analysis is seen as the mainstream of ethnomethodological research for it is interested in the formal analysis of everyday social situations.

8. Latent themes in thematic analysis refer to:

a) The initial line by line open coding of data

b) Underlying ideas, assumptions and conceptualisations, including ideological

positions and preferences

c) Explicit statements about ideological positions

d) Semantic or surface meanings that are verbally expressed in data

b) Underlying ideas, assumptions and conceptualisations, including ideological

In thematic analysis distinction between 'semantic' and 'latent' themes is made. The first type focuses on the explicit or surface meanings of the data, while the latter aims to identify the underlying assumptions, ideas and conceptualisation of the participants.

9. Which of the following approaches to qualitative data analysis typically do(es) not aim to develop codes and categories from the data?

a) Discourse analysis

b) Qualitative content analysis

c) Conversation analysis

d) Thematic analysis

b) Qualitative content analysis

An essential feature of qualitative content analysis is the use of categories that are derived from theoretical models: that is, categories are brought to the empirical material and not necessarily developed from it. Contrary to other approaches, the goal is to reduce the material

LECTURE 3

What is the basis of statistics?

What we are trying to do is account for the variance in our dependent variable

What is a type one error?

rejecting the null hypothesis (saying something is significant) when the research hypothesis isnt infact true

What is a type two error?

When you say something is not significant when it actually is

What is a confidence interval?

a range of scores that is likely to include the population mean