AP World History flashcard

Song China

The Song dynasty (960-1279) emerged from regional kingdoms under Zhao Kuangyin's rule, focusing on a state structure with bureaucratic departments like personnel, finance, and justice, managed by the Censorate. Confucianism shaped government organization and civil service exams, shifting power to a new class of leaders.

Chinese Trade Expansion

Chinese merchants traded extensively across Afro-Eurasia, leading to a commercialized society, popularizing paper money, and influencing neighboring regions with inventions like gunpowder, porcelain, and moveable type for book production.

Spread of Buddhism in China

Buddhism, particularly Mahayana Buddhism, traveled to China from India and Vietnam, influencing Chinese culture with spiritual deities, relics veneration, and multiple heavens and hells, leading to the split into Theravada and Mahayana branches.

Dar al-Islam

Islamic caliphates like the Abbasids in the Middle East and North Africa spread Islam through trade diasporas, influencing India, West Africa, and beyond with advancements in banking, papermaking, and translation of Greek works into Arabic.

State-building in South and Southeast Asia

Hinduism's influence persisted in South Asia despite Muslim interference, leading to the Vijayanagara Empire, while Southeast Asia embraced Buddhism and Hinduism through sea trade, with empires like Majapahit and Khmer flourishing.

State-building in the Americas and Africa

Mississippian and Aztec civilizations in North America, and African societies like the Hausa Kingdom, adopted agriculture and formed kin-based networks, while the Chaco and Mesa Verde civilizations faced decline due to environmental factors.

Developments in Europe

Feudalism in the Dark Ages gave way to rising monarchies in the High Middle Ages, with the Roman Catholic Church constructing universities and artists spreading Christianity, leading to the Crusades and the Renaissance after 1300.

Unit One Overview

State-building, technological advancements like paper and gunpowder, and the influence of world religions like Islam and Buddhism shaped civilizations, fostering trade networks that spread goods, ideas, and diseases across regions.

Srivijaya Kingdom

Dominated trade in Southeast Asia from 670-1025, encouraging competition in seaports across the Malay peninsula.

Trans-Saharan trade route

Linked North Africa and the Mediterranean world with West Africa, facilitating the exchange of goods like cloth, grain, and kola nuts.

Arabian camel

Enabled travel across the desert regions of North Africa and the continent, promoting trade and cultural exchange.

Mali Kingdom

Established between 500-1600, monopolized the trade of horses and metals, levied taxes on salt and copper, and had a structured hierarchy.

Swahili civilization

Emerged in the 8th century, traded ivory, gold, and slaves, leading to the flourishing of urban commercial centers from 1000-1500.

Cultural Consequences of Trade

Highlighted the syncretism of religions, emergence of new beliefs like Zen Buddhism, and the blending of Arabic and Bantu languages to create Swahili.

Technological Consequences of Trade

Showcased advancements in medicine, the invention of the lateen sail and sternpost rudder for maritime travel, and urbanization due to trade.

Marco Polo

Venetian traveler who journeyed across China in the 13th century, serving as an ambassador for Kublai Khan and sharing his experiences upon return.

Environmental Consequences of Trade

Introduced new crops like Champa rice and bananas, leading to population growth but also environmental degradation in regions like Great Zimbabwe.

Mongol Empire

Emerged in the 13th century under Genghis Khan, expanded rapidly through aggressive tactics, and influenced regions like China and Persia through conquest and trade.

Mughal Empire

Founded by Babur in the 1520s in India, it reached its peak under Akbar, becoming one of the most prosperous states globally.

Absolutism

Louis XIV epitomized this in France, consolidating legislative and judicial powers, exemplified by the Palace of Versailles.

Devshirme

Ottoman system where Christian boys were enslaved to serve in the military or as administrators, ensuring loyalty to the Sultan.

Civil Service Exam

Reintroduced by the Ming to eliminate Mongol influence and select officials based on merit.

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of goods, ideas, and diseases between the Americas and Europe, leading to significant demographic and economic changes.

Encomienda System

Spanish system where natives received protection and education in return for labor, not considered slavery but akin to forced labor.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Agreement between Spain and Portugal in 1494, dividing the newly discovered lands outside Europe along a meridian to avoid conflict.

Indentured Servitude

System where individuals worked for a set period in exchange for passage to the New World, sometimes leading to chattel slavery.

Chattel Slavery

Ownership of individuals as property for life, notably used by the Spanish in the Americas due to high native mortality rates.

Mercantilism

Economic policy where colonies exist to enrich the mother country, focusing on exporting more than importing to accumulate wealth.

Joint-stock companies

Private investors pooling money for exploration and expansion, shifting from government control.

Triangular trade

Exchange of manufactured goods, slaves, and raw materials between Europe, West Africa, and the Americas.

Monopolies

Exclusive trading rights granted to certain merchants or governments at specific ports.

Commercial Revolution

Transition to trading goods for silver and gold rather than bartering.

Erasure of culture

Impact on indigenous populations due to European diseases and cultural suppression.

Syncretism

Fusion of African and indigenous beliefs with Christianity.

Challenges to State Power

Various uprisings and rebellions against state authority.

Changing Social Hierarchies

Shifts in power dynamics within societies and between different social classes.

Enlightenment

18th-century intellectual movement advocating reason, natural laws, and challenging traditional institutions.

Industrial Revolution

Transition to machine-based manufacturing processes, leading to urbanization and economic changes.

State-sponsored industrialization

When a government actively promotes and invests in industrial development within its borders, as seen in Muhammad Ali's efforts to modernize Egypt under the Ottoman Empire.

Limited liability

A concept in capitalism where investors are only liable to lose the amount of money they initially invested in a business or corporation.

Meiji Restoration

A period in Japanese history marked by rapid industrialization and modernization following the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry and the opening of Japan to the West in 1853.

Labor unions

Organizations formed by workers to advocate for better working conditions, higher wages, and other labor-related issues.

Social Darwinism

The application of Darwin's theory of natural selection to human societies, often used to justify imperialism and the dominance of certain nations over others.

Utilitarianism

A philosophical concept introduced by John Stuart Mill, advocating for actions that benefit the overall well-being of society rather than individual interests.

Communist Manifesto

A political pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, outlining the principles of communism and advocating for the working class (proletariat) to rise against the bourgeoisie.

Spheres of Influence

Areas where foreign powers have significant economic, political, and military influence without direct control, as seen in Western powers' demands in China during the late 19th century.

Cult of Domesticity

A societal ideal emphasizing women's role in the home and promoting virtues like piety, purity, and domesticity, prevalent during the 19th century.

Indentured servitude

A labor system where individuals work for a specified period to repay a debt or gain passage to a new land, often under harsh conditions, as seen in the migration patterns during the Industrial Age.

Migration to Settler Colonies

Scholars, engineers, and geologists moved to settler colonies to introduce western technology and industrialization.

Effects of Migration

Migration led to women playing a larger role in society, the formation of ethnic enclaves, and the Chinese Exclusion Act in the US.

Economic Imperialism

Economic imperialism involved countries exerting economic dominance over others, like Britain's actions in India and China.

Power Shifts after 1900

Power shifts post-1900 included the Russian Revolution, rise of communism, and changes in China, Ottoman Empire, and Mexico.

Causes of WWI

Causes of WWI included militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism, culminating in the assassination of Franz Ferdinand.

Conducting WWI

WWI involved new technologies, trench warfare, total war strategies, and the Treaty of Versailles.

Economy in the Interwar Period

The interwar period saw economic challenges, the Great Depression, and economic policies like the New Deal and Five Year Plans.

Unresolved Tensions After WWI

Post-WWI tensions included struggles for independence in India, Korea, China, and West Africa.

Causes of WWII

Causes of WWII included the rise of Hitler, anti-Semitic laws, alliances forming the Axis Powers, and territorial expansions.

Conducting WWII

WWII was a total war involving atomic weaponry, blitzkrieg tactics, the attack on Pearl Harbor, and battles in Europe and Asia.

Axis Powers

The coalition of countries led by Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Normandy Invasion

The Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944, which marked a turning point in World War II.

Victory in Europe Day

May 8, 1945, the day when Germany surrendered, marking the end of World War II in Europe.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

The two Japanese cities where the United States dropped atomic bombs in August 1945, leading to Japan's surrender.

Mass Atrocities

Various large-scale atrocities during the 20th century, including the Holocaust, Armenian Genocide, and others.

Cold War

The state of political and military tension between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II.

Marshall Plan

The U.S. program providing aid to Western Europe after World War II to help rebuild economies and prevent the spread of communism.

Non-Aligned Movement

A group of states that did not align with either the United States or the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Great Leap Forward

Mao Zedong's economic and social campaign in China from 1958 to 1962, resulting in widespread famine and millions of deaths.

Decolonization

The process by which colonies gained independence from their colonial rulers in the mid-20th century.

Gamal Abdel Nassar

Led the overthrow of the Egyptian king to establish the Egyptian Republic and nationalized the Suez Canal.

Biafra

Region in Nigeria where conflict arose in 1967 due to the desire for independence by the Igbo people.

Quebecois Separatist Movement

Division between French Catholics in Quebec and British Protestants in Canada, leading to growing nationalism in Quebec.

Partition of Israel

UN-brokered deal in 1948 to create separate Jewish and Arab states, leading to conflict with neighboring Arab nations.

Khmer Rouge

Communist group in Cambodia led by Pol Pot, causing mass deaths and overthrown with the help of Vietnam in 1978.

Kashmir Conflict

Dispute between Pakistan and India over the region of Kashmir, leading to tensions and development of nuclear weapons.

Sirimavo Bandaranaike

First female Prime Minister of Sri Lanka who implemented socialist economic policies.

Indira Gandhi

Indian Prime Minister who led reforms in the 1960s and 70s, including economic and political changes.

Julius Nyerere

First President of Tanzania who enacted socialist policies to reduce foreign aid dependency.

Global Resistance Movements

Gandhi, MLK, Mandela, and others who fought against power structures through nonviolent means.

End of the Cold War

Events leading to the dissolution of the USSR and the end of the Cold War, including Reagan's policies and Gorbachev's reforms.

Transnational Movements

Trends like Pan-Africanism that transcended national boundaries for common goals.

Globalization

The process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments of different nations, driven by international trade and investment.

Resistance to Globalization

Opposition and pushback against the spread and influence of globalization, often due to concerns about inequality, environmental damage, human rights abuses, and loss of national sovereignty.

Battle for Seattle

Protests against free trade and globalization that occurred during the WTO meeting in Seattle, leading to the establishment of the World Social Forum in 2001 to advocate for a more equitable world.

International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank

Organizations focused on global monetary cooperation and poverty reduction, facing criticism for favoring richer nations over poorer ones and contributing to resistance against globalization.

United Nations (UN)

An international organization established to promote peace, security, and cooperation among nations, with various bodies like the Security Council, International Court of Justice, and World Food Program to address global issues.

International Peace Bureau

An NGO working towards world peace by advocating for reduced military spending and conflict resolution, similar to other non-governmental organizations like the Red Cross that respond to humanitarian needs in conflict zones and disaster-stricken areas.