Non-Mendelian Genetics and Chi Square

complete dominance

heterozygous and homozygous for dominate allele are indistinguishable. Only dominate allele is portrayed when in genotype

incomplete dominance

a blend of two traits

codominance

a phenotype of both alleles is expressed. ex. a spotted cow

multiple alleles

gene has 2+ alleles

blood transfusions must match what

type

what is a Rh factor

if protein is found on RBC’s in bloodR

Rh+ means

has the specific protein in blood

Rh-

does not have the specific protein in blood

sex-linked gene

any gene that is located on a sex chromosome (X,Y)

polygenic inheritance

effect of 2 or more genes acting upon a single phenotype character

incomplete penetrance

individual could have the genotype but would not produce the phenotype

pleiotrophy

occurs when a single mutant gene affects two or more distinct and seemingly unrelated traits

epistasis

interaction of two or more gene pairs at different loci influences the same trait, but one allele has an overriding effect on the phenotype. ex. Gene A overrides Gene B

nature and nurture

both genetic and environmental factors influence phenotype

null hypothesis

no significance between the expected and observed data

what does a null hypothesis mean in genetics

that the genes are unlinked

alternate hypothesis

proposed scientific explanation for the experiment

what does alternate hypothesis mean in terms of genetics

that the genes are linked

how to get degrees of freedom

number of categories - 1. ex. roll die = 6 - 1 = 5

chi square < critical value

accept null hypothesis

what does accepting null hypothesis prove

no significant difference between observed data and the expected data

chi square > critical value

reject (fail to accept) null hypothesis

what does rejecting null hypothesis mean

significant difference between observed and expected data