AP World history Study guide 3

Hundred Years’ War

War between England and France over succession rights; led to the development of new military technology and national identity.

Caravel

A small, fast Portuguese ship that revolutionized navigation and helped launch European exploration.

Mercantilism

Economic policy focused on accumulating wealth through trade control and colonies; governments supported monopolies and high exports.

Divine Right of Kings

Belief that monarchs were chosen by God and answerable only to Him.

Absolute Monarchy

King holds full power (Louis XIV of France).

Limited Monarchy

Monarch’s power is restricted by laws or parliament (England).

Parliament

Representative body that limited monarch power and influenced taxation/laws.

Justices of the Peace

English local officials maintaining law and enforcing monarch’s rule.

Intendants

French royal administrators sent by the king to enforce laws and collect taxes.

Cardinal Richelieu

Strengthened French monarchy; reduced noble power; supported centralization.

Tax Farmers

Individuals who collected taxes for profit, often leading to corruption and inequality.

Versailles

Palace built by Louis XIV to display royal power and keep nobles under control.

Protestant Reformation

Movement challenging the Catholic Church’s corruption; led by Martin Luther.

Lutheranism (Martin Luther)

Salvation through faith alone; rejected indulgences and papal authority.

95 Theses

Martin Luther’s list of church criticisms; sparked Protestant Reformation.

Calvinism (John Calvin)

Predestination; strict moral code; Geneva became a theocracy.

Anglicanism (King Henry VIII)

Created Church of England after breaking from the Pope for political/personal reasons.

Counter Reformation

Catholic Church’s reform movement; Council of Trent, Jesuits, and Inquisition to stop Protestant spread.

Muscovy

Region that expanded under Ivan III to become the foundation of Russia.

Ivan III

“Ivan the Great”; freed Russia from Mongol control; centralized power.

Tsar (Czar)

Title meaning “Caesar”; symbolized absolute, divine authority of Russian rulers.

Ivan IV (“The Terrible”)

Expanded Russia eastward; used violence (Oprichnina) to crush opposition.

Cossacks

Independent warrior communities that helped expand Russian territory.

Oprichnina

Secret police created by Ivan IV to suppress boyars and enforce loyalty.

Streltsy

Elite military corps; sometimes rebelled against the tsar’s reforms.

Peter The Great

Westernized Russia; modernized army; created navy; reformed government.

St. Petersburg

Built as “Window to the West” to show Russia’s modern power and access to trade.

Romanov Dynasty

Ruling family from 1613–1917; restored order after Time of Troubles.

Boyars

Russian nobles who often resisted centralization.

Serfs

Bound to land and noble control longer than in Western Europe.

Table of Ranks

Peter the Great’s system ranking government/military officials by service, not birth.

Senate

Administrative body created by Peter to help govern in his absence.

Westernization

Adoption of European technology, dress, and education to modernize Russia.

St. Basil’s Cathedral

Symbol of Orthodox Christianity and Russian identity.

“Third Rome”

Moscow claimed to be spiritual successor of Rome and Constantinople.

Raskol

Religious schism between reformers and Old Believers in the Russian Orthodox Church.

Manchu

Ethnic group from northeast Asia who founded China’s Qing dynasty after defeating the Ming.

Shogun

Military ruler of Japan who held real power over the emperor.

Daimyo

Powerful landholding lords under the shogun.

Samurai

Warrior class loyal to daimyo and guided by bushido.

Bushido

Code of honor, loyalty, and bravery guiding samurai behavior.

Timur (Tamerlane)

Central Asian conqueror whose campaigns influenced later empires.

Mehmed II (Constantinople)

Ottoman ruler who captured Constantinople in 1453; renamed it Istanbul.

Artillery (cannons)

Helped conquer cities and expand territory efficiently.

Janissaries

Elite Ottoman soldiers loyal to the sultan; often taken through Devshirme.

Abbas I (“The Great”)

Safavid ruler; strengthened military; promoted trade and culture.

Babur

Founder of the Mughal Empire in India.

Akbar

Expanded Mughal Empire; promoted religious tolerance and cultural blending.

Kanun-name

Ottoman legal codes used to supplement Islamic law (Sharia).

Grand Vizier (Viziers)

Chief advisors who managed day-to-day governance.

Enderun School

Ottoman training school for government and military officials.

Devsirme

System of taking Christian boys, converting them to Islam, and training them as soldiers or bureaucrats.

Significance of controlling Mecca & Medina

Gave Ottomans religious legitimacy as protectors of Islam.

Sunni

Main branch of Islam followed by Ottomans.

Suleymaniye Mosque

Built by Suleyman the Magnificent; symbol of Ottoman strength and piety.

Shi’a

Main branch of Islam followed by Safavids; used to unify empire.

Sikhism

New religion blending Islam and Hinduism; founded in Mughal India promoting equality.

Religion

Divine right, building mosques/churches, controlling Mecca & Medina.

Art & Architecture

Versailles, St. Basil’s Cathedral, Suleymaniye Mosque.

Military

Janissaries, Cossacks, Streltsy, conquests.

Bureaucracy & Administration

Intendants, Table of Ranks, Parliament, Kanun-name.