Chapter 12 - The Family

family

* a group that has at least one adult who is responsible for providing basic necessities as well as love, support, safety, stability, and opportunities for learning
* crucial to the development of children

family structure

* the number of and relationships among the people living in a household

the likelihood that a child in America will live with a single parent is _____ for some racial and socioeconomic groups than others & children of parents with college degrees are much less likely to live with a single parent

greater

older first-time parents are more likely to have _______, and have financial resources for raising a family as well as being less likely to get divorced within 10 years if they are married

planned the births

Growing up in a disadvantaged household, doing poorly in school, having low expectations of attending college and having sexual intercourse for the first time before 14 years old are all predictive of both boys and girls becoming ______ as teenagers.

parents

* Living with both biological parents and being involved in school activities and religious organizations ______ the risk of teen childbearing.

reduce

Families where children live with grandparents tend to be _______ than others as grandparents have to take care of children with fixed retirement incomes.

poorer

Lately, families are _____ because women are delaying pregancies due to careers, and birth control is more accessible.

smaller

What impact does a high rate of divorce and a more fluid family structure have on children?

* instability, which can lead to development of behaviour problems

children with same-sex parents are _______ from those of different-sex parents in terms of mental health, behaviour and achievement

not different

The parenting style of newly divorced parents compared to those who are not divorced tends to be more ________ and led by coercion rather than warmth, emotional availabilty and consistency

irritable

* parental conflict has been linked to ______ emotional & behavioural problems in children and adolescents

increased

family dynamics

* the way in which family members interact through various relationships: mother with each child, father with each child, mother with father, and siblings with each another.

socialization

* the process through which children acquire values, standards, skills, knowledge and behaviours regarded as appropriate for present and future roles in their culture

discipline

* the set of strategies and behaviours parents use to teach children how to behave

internalization

* happens when parents apply the right amount of psychological pressure on children

punishment

* a stimulus that follows a behaviour to reduce the likelihood it will happen again, and most of them fall in the category of discipline techniques that apply too much psychological or physical pressure on children. They are not effective at promoting internalization.

parenting style

* the constellation of parenting behaviours and attitudes that set the emotional climate of parent-child interactions

4 styles of parenting related to support and control

authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved

authoritative parenting

* a style that is demanding but also warm and response

authoritarian parenting

* a cold and unresponsive parenting style.

permissive parenting

* a style that is responsive to children’s needs and wishes in an overly lenient way.

uninvoled parenting

* s a style that is low in both demandingness and responsiveness to children

effect of authoritative parenting on children

* children are competent, self-assured and popular with peers
* relatively high in social and academic competence, self-reliance, and coping skills

effect of authoritarian parenting on children

* children tend to be low in social and academic competence
* unhappy, and unfriendly
* low in self-confidence
* linked wtih children’s inability to cope with everyda stressors with high levels of depression, aggression, delinquency, and alcohol problems

effect of permissive parenting on children

* children tend to be impulsive
* low in self-regulation
* high in externalizing problems
* low in school achievement
* engage in more school misconduct and drug or alochol use than peers with authoritative parents as teenagers.

effect of uninvolved parenting on children

* exhibit low academic competence
* internalizing problems
* substance abuse
* risky sexual behaviour

Reent research has moved away from the idea that parents have a ______ style and instead that what style parents exhibit depends on contextual factors

single

The effects of mothers’ and fathers’ parenting on child development are ______

the same

* Over time the **________** of interactions between a parent and child continues the cycle

bidirectionality

_______ is a key factor in parent-child relationships that have a pattern of coperation, positive affect, harmonious communication, & coordinated behaviour

bidirectionality

Siblings influence on another’s development and functioning of large family system in _______ ways

positive and negative

Child maltreatment

* an action or failure on the part of a caretaker that results in physical or emotional harm to a child or puts the child at risk of serious harm

neglect

* failure of the caregiver to provide necessary food, water, shelter, clothing, medical care, or supervision

physical abuse

* any behaviour that results in non-accidental physical injury of a child

emotional abuse

* a pattern of behaviour in which a caregiver demeans, rejects, repeatedly criticizes, or withholds love from a child or communicates to a child that they are worthless, unloved or unwanted

sexual abuse

* sexual acts or sexual exploitation involving children, including inappropriate touching and exposure to sexual content like pornography

polyvictimization

* many abused children experience more than one form of maltreatment

risks for maltreatment

* parent’s lack of knowledge about child’s needs and abilities
* strong negative reaction to stress
* family’s low income
* inadequate housing and material resources
* social isolation
* parental alcohol and other drug dependence
* whether parent is in an abusive romantic relationship

Children who are maltreated experience a range of immediate outcomes that can include __________

physical pain and injury, hunger, cold, physical discomfort and fear or anxiety

Children who are victims of maltreatment are at increased risk of________

developing cognitive delays, antisocial behaviours and engaging in risky behaviours in adolescence and into adulthood

child maltreatment also leads to significant health consequences from negative effects ________

on the immune system in childhood to increased rates of coronary heart disease

how to prevent child maltreatment

* strengthen economic situation of families
* change social norms to promote positive parenting
* provide quality early education to children
* enhance parenting skills
* intervening to help children and prevent recurrence of maltreatment

Some researchers have argued that the extent to which a disciplinary technique predicts negative or positive outcomes depends on how _______ it is in their wider culture

normative

What does income influence?

* what parents can buy for their children, including quality goods, experiences, food, clothing, medicine and shelter
* the amount and quality of time parents spend with their children

Children in poverty have:

* lower academic achivement, more mental health problems, more behavioural problems, and more health problems than their higher-income peers

Children living in high-income families have _____ rates of drug use, delinquent behaviour and mental health problems compared with those of their low-income peers

higher

Research does not support the idea that maternal employment has negative effects on children’s development, and some suggests that early maternal employment is associated with ______ adjustment at age 7 for some families

better

High-quality childcare with programs designed to promote children’s later success are very beneficial as children who participate in these programs show improvements in __________

social competence and declines in conduct problems

High-quality childcare can have a positive effect on children’s functioning in _______________

cognitive and language development

Children in a form of childcare that met these guidelines scored higher on tests of __________ and had fewer behavioural problems at 36 months of age

language comprehension, readiness for school